Table 2 Proteins identified in the extract from parotoids of the common toad Bufo bufo based on tandem mass spectrometry analysis

Q8VIF7

4539

52,958

76

6

Selenium binding protein 1

DNA replication, protein transport, response to hydrogen peroxide

1, 8, 9

Q4L0Y2

2490

41,986

61

37

Actin, cytoplasmic 1

Cell motility, transcription regulation

7

Q2I6W4

1425

59,993

38

13

Catalase

Aging, apoptosis regulation, cholesterol and haemoglobin metabolism

5, 7

Q4R5L2

1262

47,371

24

14

Alpha-enolase

Glycolysis, cell growth control, hypoxia tolerance, allergic responses

1, 7, 9, 10

P07323

630

47,433

9

8

Gamma-enolase

Neurotropic and neuroprotective activity, response to xenobiotic stimulus

7, 9

P13929

624

47,233

8

8

Beta-enolase

Glycolysis

7

P0C273

1019

14,949

23

31

Ubiquitin 60S ribosomal protein L40

DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, protein degradation, cell signalling

1, 6, 7, 11

A2Q0Z1

985

71,038

23

17

Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein

Proteolytic stress response, cell cycle regulation

1, 9

P06761

85

72,440

3

3

78 kDa glucose regulated protein

Stress response, toxin transport, regulation of cell migration and apoptosis, cell response to IL-4

3, 5, 8–10

P62258

906

29,293

13

11

14–3-3 protein epsilon

Cell response to heat, mitotic cell cycle regulation

1, 9

Q5RAD2

841

16,827

21

41

Calmodulin

Calcium signal transduction pathway, cell cycle regulation, regulation of heart rate, cytokinesis regulation

1, 6, 7

Q2QD07

815

26,912

18

18

Triosephosphate isomerase

Glycolysis

7

A2Q0Z0

695

50,369

15

11

Elongation factor 1-alpha 1

Protein biosynthesis

7

Q5R7H8

658

5050

19

43

Thymosin beta-4

Cytoskeleton organisation, cell cycle regulation, cell migration, regulation of inflammatory response

1, 3, 4, 10

Q63610

599

29,173

15

18

Tropomyosin alpha-3 chain

Regulation of muscle contraction, cytoskeleton organisation

4, 7

Q5NVN0

454

58,395

10

7

Pyruvate kinase PKM

Glycolysis, regulation of cytoplasmic translation, regulation of programmed cell death

5, 7

Q3ZBT1

450

89,826

21

12

Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase

Stress response, apoptosis, DNA repair

5, 9, 11

Q3MHM5

431

50,167

10

10

Tubulin beta-4B chain

Microtubules structure, mitotic cell cycle

1, 4

Q32L41

379

44,831

5

11

Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

Glycolysis, cell response to hypoxia, epithelial cell differentiation

2, 7, 9

Q32L41

336

9597

6

11

GTP cyclohydrolase 1 feedback regulatory protein

Phosphorylation

7

Q2PFW2

321

10,910

4

12

Small ubiquitin-related modifier 2

Nuclear transport, DNA replication, mitosis regulation, signal transduction

1, 6, 8

A5A6I5

312

39,777

4

3

Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A

Glycolysis, regulation of cell migration

3, 7

Q1RMJ6

297

22,268

3

8

Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoC

Signal transduction, cell migration, actin filament organisation, cell cycle cytokinesis

1, 3, 4, 6

Q8N6N7

293

9830

16

11

Acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 7

Fatty acid metabolism

7

Q2PFL9

273

25,087

7

8

Peroxiredoxin-6

Cell protection against oxidative stress

9

Q5R5H2

258

68,554

5

4

V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A

Intracellular pH reduction, protein transmembrane transport, response to increased oxygen levels

7–9

O60218

252

36,181

6

2

Aldo–keto reductase family 1 member B10

Cellular detoxification of aldehyde

7

Q3SYU9

245

99,093

6

2

Major vault protein

Signal transduction, nucleo-cytoplasmic transport

6, 8

P28768

231

15,675

3

9

Superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial

Aging, apoptosis, cell response to oxidative stress

5, 9

P41361

223

52,728

5

3

Antithrombin-III

Regulation of the blood coagulation cascade

7

Q5R495

209

58,272

3

2

Serine/threonine protein kinase OSR1

Phosphorylation, cellular hypotonic response, intracellular signal transduction

6, 7, 9

Q4FZU2

209

59,489

4

1

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A

Cell differentiation, wound healing, antimicrobial humoral immune response

2, 7, 10

Q3TXS7

208

106,490

3

1

26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1

Protein homeostasis, regulation of protein catabolism

7

Q4FZY0

208

26,743

3

5

EF-hand domain-containing protein D2

B-cell apoptosis control

5

Q4KMA2

208

43,516

3

7

UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog B

DNA repair, cell response to IL-7

10, 11

P30838

206

50,685

6

5

Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring

Lipid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism

7

Q9CR51

204

13,808

4

9

V-type proton ATPase subunit G 1

Cell response to increased oxygen levels

9

P19483

198

59,775

3

5

ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial

Aging, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, electron transport

5, 7, 8

P48644

191

55,276

4

3

Retinal dehydrogenase 1

Oxidoreductase activity

8

Q8HZM6

177

38,943

3

3

Annexin A1

Innate and adaptive immune response, actin cytoskeleton organisation

4, 10

P51857

175

37,629

9

9

3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase

Bile acid biosynthesis

7

A6NEC2

174

54,127

4

4

Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase-like protein

Proteolysis

7

Q2HJ86

174

50,802

3

7

Tubulin alpha-1D chain

Cell division, cell response to IL-4, microtubule cytoskeleton organisation

1, 4, 10

Q3ZC84

173

52,990

3

3

Cytosolic non-specific dipeptidase

Proteolysis

7

C0HJG9

170

22,571

3

4

Annexin A2

Angiogenesis, heat stress response

2, 9

P10111

156

18,047

6

9

Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase A

Apoptosis

5

P29117

44

22,072

2

8

Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase F, mitochondrial

Apoptosis

5

Q3MHL4

153

48,021

4

6

Adenosylhomocysteinase

Chronic inflammatory response, response to hypoxia

9, 10

Q4R5L1

148

46,548

2

3

Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic

Biosynthesis of α-glutamate

7

Q4PLJ0

144

9066

5

17

NEDD8

Cell cycle control, proteolysis

1, 7

O46650

139

41,207

3

3

Alcohol dehydrogenase class-2 isozyme 2

Ethanol oxidation

7

Q3T0M7

137

23,836

7

9

Ran-specific GTPase-activating protein

Nucleo-cytoplasmatic transport

8

Q5E987

136

26,532

2

7

Proteasome subunit alpha type-5

Proteasomal protein catabolism

7

Q9JKB3

135

38,790

1

4

Y-box binding protein 3

Apoptosis

5

Q5E946

133

20,161

4

7

Protein deglycase DJ-1

DNA repair

11

Q2HWU2

126

57,590

4

1

Protein disulfide-isomerase

Cell response to IL-7

10

Q3THS6

120

43,937

4

11

S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-2

S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis

7

A3FKF7

116

35,981

3

4

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Immune and antimicrobial response

10

Q3T0X5

112

29,797

3

6

Proteasome subunit alpha type-1

Proteolysis, immune response

7, 10

O35945

111

54,921

1

2

Aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic 1

Ethanol metabolism

7

P00168

111

10,026

6

49

Cytochrome b5 (Fragment)

Electron transport

8

Q76KP1

108

116,855

7

1

N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

1

Transferase activity

7

P61458

106

12,024

4

29

Pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase

Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis

7

Q5R844

99

17,057

3

8

Myosin light polypeptide 6

Muscle contraction, skeletal muscle tissue development

2, 7

Q15276

96

99,551

2

1

Rab GTPase-binding effector protein 1

Apoptosis, protein transport

5, 8

Q5R8F7

94

70,782

2

2

Polyadenylate-binding protein 1

mRNA processing, cell response to hypoxia

7, 9

P21836

89

68,447

4

1

Acetylcholinesterase

Neuronal apoptosis, cell adhesion

4, 5

Q9UBC2

85

94,289

2

1

Epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15-like 1

Endosomal transport

8

P35908

83

65,623

1

1

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal

Epidermis development

2

Q8HXW4

82

97,457

2

1

Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form

Glucagon metabolism

7

Q52I78

73

55,569

2

4

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase

Signal transduction

6

Q9DAW9

72

36,544

2

6

Calponin-3

Regulation and metabolism of smooth muscle contraction

7

Q8VI73

71

37,500

2

4

Transaldolase

Carbohydrate metabolism

7

Q3SZD7

71

30,790

2

2

Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1

Epithelial cell differentiation

2

A0A1F3

68

36,892

1

3

L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain

Glycolysis

7

Q6IA69

68

80,291

4

1

Glutamine-dependent NAD( +) synthetase

NAD biosynthesis

7

O95340

68

69,916

1

2

Bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine

5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2

Blood coagulation, bone development, hormone metabolism, phosphorylation

2, 7

Q5RBE5

65

36,001

2

3

GDP-L-fucose synthase

Leukocyte cell–cell adhesion

4

Q4R4R7

64

35,069

1

4

Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 2

Nucleotide biosynthesis, phosphorylation

7

Q9Y2G7

63

63,081

8

3

Zinc finger protein 30 homolog

Transcription regulation

7

Q9CWM4

59

14,246

2

17

Prefoldin subunit 1

Protein folding and stabilisation

7

Q8JZP9

58

72,826

5

1

GAS2-like protein 1

Cytoskeleton structure

4

Q96CQ1

57

34,536

4

2

Solute carrier family 25

Mitochondrial genome maintenance

4

Q8IUE6

57

13,987

3

5

Histone H2A type 2B

Regulation of replication and transcription, DNA repair

1, 7, 11

Q4R4X6

57

23,669

1

5

Ras-related protein Rab-2A

Golgi organisation, intracellular protein transport

4, 8

Q2TBX6

55

26,413

1

3

Proteasome subunit beta type-1

Proteolysis

7

Q5XHY7

54

57,491

1

1

Signal transducing adapter molecule 2

Signal transduction, membrane fission

6

A6QLU8

54

48,623

5

1

Nucleoredoxin

Cell differentiation

2

Q9D1G2

54

22,132

2

4

Phosphomevalonate kinase

Cholesterol biosynthesis

7

Q0P5K3

53

17,173

1

7

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2

Protein ubiquitination

7

Q5BJP9

52

32,716

2

4

Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase domain-containing protein 1

Oxidoreductase activity

8

Q4R5E4

52

61,678

1

2

Phosphoglucomutase-1

Glycolysis

7

O00560

51

32,562

2

3

Syntenin-1

Actin cytoskeleton organisation, regulation of cell growth, migration and proliferation

1, 3, 4

Q5NVA2

49

55,315

1

1

Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic

Cell population proliferation, signal transduction

1, 6

Q3ZCF3

49

18,784

1

7

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1

Cell cycle progression, signal transduction, transcription regulation, protein ubiquitination

1, 6, 7

O08782

48

36,547

2

2

Aldose reductase-related protein 2

Polyol metabolism, retinal metabolism

7

Q3U821

48

95,127

2

1

WD repeat-containing protein 75

rRNA processing

7

Q00915

47

15,974

1

6

Retinol-binding protein 1

Retinol transport in blood plasma

8

D3KU66

46

41,175

3

2

Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase

Lipid metabolism, melatonin biosynthesis

7

Q8BK48

46

62,599

2

1

Pyrethroid hydrolase Ces2e

Prostaglandin metabolism

7

Q9CPU0

46

20,934

2

3

Lactoylglutathione lyase

Carbohydrate metabolism, regulation of transcription and apoptosis

5, 7

P02747

45

25,941

3

3

Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C

Immune response

10

A6QQV6

45

79,661

2

1

Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 7

Cell differentiation, regulation of protein binding

2, 7

Q8R3H9

44

44,679

2

1

Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4

Innate immune response, protein folding

7, 10

Q68DL7

43

77,871

4

1

Uncharacterized protein C18orf63

Ubiquitin protein ligase activity

7

Q4R5E9

43

70,874

1

1

Secretogranin-2

Protein secretion, intracellular signal transduction, angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, inflammatory response

2, 3, 6, 7, 10

A4Z6H0

43

50,343

2

3

Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1

AMP biosynthesis

7

Q5R8Y6

42

76,640

3

1

Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 2

Channel or small molecule transporter

8

Q6P6V1

41

69,685

3

1

Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 11

Signalling pathway

6

Q6ZQ82

41

92,610

2

1

Rho GTPase-activating protein 26

Actin cytoskeleton organisation, signal transduction

4, 6

Q8R238

40

35,078

1

4

Serine dehydratase-like

L-serine catabolism, lipid metabolism

7

Q2MHN2

40

21,389

1

5

Ferritin heavy chain

Iron transport, immune response, regulation of cell population proliferation

1, 8, 10

Q96QS6

39

43,137

1

2

Serine/threonine-protein kinase H2

Protein phosphorylation

7

Q6W3E5

39

72,363

1

1

Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain-containing protein 4

Lipid metabolism

7

Q9BXB4

37

84,188

3

1

Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 11

Lipid transport, fat cell differentiation

2, 8

Q7TQD2

37

23,698

1

5

Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein

Cell division, microtubule formation

1

Q4R362

37

11,360

1

9

Histone H4

DNA replication

1

O88879

37

142,798

2

1

Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1

Cell aging, apoptosis, cell differentiation

2, 5

Q8NEM1

37

63,275

1

1

Zinc finger protein 680

Transcription regulation

7

P97324

37

59,502

3

1

Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase 2

Oxidative stress, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism

7, 9

Q0VGK2

37

59,722

4

2

Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39C

Allium assembly, otolith morphogenesis

2

Q13410

37

59,383

3

2

Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1

Membrane structure

4

Q2EN76

36

17,257

1

11

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B

Cell adhesion, GTP biosynthesis, transcription, apoptosis

4, 5, 7

Q9WVB0

36

21,848

5

4

RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing

Transcription, response to oxidative stress

7, 9

P48065

35

70,380

1

1

Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter

Amino acid transport

8

Q2M2U5

35

19,844

1

3

IQ domain-containing protein F2

Calmodulin binding activity

7

Q9BE72

35

67,948

1

2

Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 12

Carbohydrate metabolism, glucose import

7

Q3SWX5

35

88,484

1

1

Cadherin-6

Cell–cell adhesion

4

Q8BHF7

34

62,818

6

1

CDP-diacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase,

mitochondrial

Cardiolipin biosynthesis

7

Q4V8G5

34

41,325

2

2

Septin-12

Cell differentiation, protein localization

2, 7

Q4R4W5

34

26,669

1

3

Isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase 1

Cholesterol biosynthesis

7

Q4FZT9

34

100,768

1

1

26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2

Cell cycle progression, apoptosis, DNA repair

1, 5, 11

Q9NQX1

34

74,699

2

1

PR domain zinc finger protein 5

Mitotic cell cycle, transcription regulation

1, 7

B7ZNG4

33

72,650

2

1

Tastin

Cell adhesion

4

Q9EP69

33

67,361

3

1

Phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1

Phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis

7

Q8WUM4

32

96,469

1

1

Programmed cell death 6-interacting protein

Apoptosis, protein transport

5, 8

Q3SWU0

32

39,331

1

1

RISC-loading complex subunit TARBP2

Translation regulation, cell proliferation

1, 7

Q8TD55

32

53,593

2

1

Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family O member 2

Regulation of cell shape

4

A3KN27

32

60,420

2

2

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 74

Intermediate filament cytoskeleton organisation

4

P48506

32

73,363

2

1

Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit

Aging, cell redox homeostasis, blood vessel diameter maintenance

5, 7, 9

B2RZ78

32

20,594

1

5

Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 29

Intracellular protein transport

8

Q3T140

31

10,983

1

16

Dynein light chain roadblock-type 1

Microtubule-based movement

4

Q8K1R7

31

108,501

4

1

Serine/threonine protein kinase Nek9

Cell cycle, cell division, protein phosphorylation

1, 7

Q5NVP9

31

37,259

3

3

Mortality factor 4-like protein 1

Cell cycle, apoptosis, transcription regulation

1, 5, 7

Q9JI24

30

21,174

1

5

Interleukin-24

Apoptosis, cell response to IL-4 and LPS, regulation of cell migration

3, 5, 10

O35774

30

94,630

2

2

A-kinase anchor protein 4

Signal transduction, establishment of protein localisation

6, 7

Q9H7P6

30

35,919

1

3

Multivesicular body subunit 12B

Membrane fission, protein transport

8

Q8CG76

30

40,954

1

2

Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2

Lipid metabolism

7

A2VCK2

30

37,963

2

2

Doublecortin domain-containing protein 2B

Allium assembly, neuron migration

3

A4FUB0

30

73,548

1

1

Uncharacterized protein C5orf34 homolog

Regulation of calcium ion binding

8

Q9CXW2

30

41,258

2

3

28S ribosomal protein S22, mitochondrial

Mitochondrial translation

7

Q6IRU5

29

25,248

1

3

Clathrin light chain B

Intracellular protein transport

8

Q8NGL2

29

35,272

1

2

Olfactory receptor 5L1

G protein-coupled receptor signalling pathway

6

Q4KLM6

29

80,472

1

1

Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2

Collagen metabolism, regulation of cell population proliferation

1, 7

Q9WUH5

29

56,607

2

2

Tripartite motif-containing protein 10

Erythrocyte differentiation, innate immune response

2, 10

O60336

29

165,188

1

1

Mitogen-activated protein kinase-binding protein 1

Regulation of antimicrobial response, regulation of IL-8 production, protein ubiquitination

7, 10

Q6IUU3

29

83,004

3

1

Sulfhydryl oxidase 1

Extracellular matrix assembly, protein folding, regulation of macroautophagy

4, 7, 10

Q28960

29

31,949

1

2

Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1

Epithelial cell differentiation, glucocorticoid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism

2, 7

Q9BZB8

29

63,245

1

2

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1

Cell response to hypoxia

9

Q6P9L6

28

160,895

2

1

Kinesin-like protein KIF15

Mitotic cell cycle, microtubule-based movement

1, 4

Q53GT1

28

72,449

1

2

Kelch-like protein 22

Cell division, cell growth regulation

1

Q5RER6

26

38,650

1

3

Serine/threonine-protein kinase PDIK1L

Apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation and differentiation, transcription regulation

1, 2, 5, 7