Table 1 Kinematic parameters of intraoral food processing of three morphotypes of I. alpestris

Gape

1 Opening (°)

5.35 ± 1.54

0.29

9.82 ± 4.28

0.44

19.30 ± 5.90

0.24

2 Closure (°)

5.51 ± 1.21

0.22

9.48 ± 4.68

0.49

19.66 ± 5.86

0.23

3 Opening duration (s)

0.04 ± 0.02

0.45

0.13 ± 0.06

0.48

0.16 ± 0.06

0.32

4 Closure duration (s)

0.06 ± 0.02

0.36

0.11 ± 0.04

0.38

0.12 ± 0.06

0.44

5 Closure acceleration (10⁻³ deg/s²)

21.40 ± 6.15

0.29

12.25 ± 6.99

0.57

18.75 ± 10.47

0.45

6 Open-close duration (s)

0.10 ± 0.03

0.25

0.24 ± 0.07

0.27

0.28 ± 0.07

0.21

7 stationary duration (s)

0.17 ± 0.08

0.45

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

8 Cycle duration (s)

0.28 ± 0.09

0.33

0.24 ± 0.07

0.27

0.28 ± 0.07

0.21

Vertical cranial flexion

9 Ventral (°)

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

12.61 ± 6.51

0.39

10 Dorsal (°)

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

12.30 ± 6.46

0.40

11 Ventral duration (s)

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

0.10 ± 0.05

0.41

12 Dorsal duration (s)

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

0.17 ± 0.07

0.33

13 Cycle duration (s)

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

0.28 ± 0.07

0.21

Vertical hyobranchial movement

14 Elevation (%-cl)

4.29 ± 1.99

0.46

4.93 ± 1.47

0.30

10.57 ± 6.18

0.53

15 Depression (%-cl)

3.87 ± 1.34

0.35

5.43 ± 1.50

0.28

12.46 ± 5.64

0.36

16 Elevation duration (s)

0.08 ± 0.02

0.24

0.14 ± 0.06

0.45

0.13 ± 0.05

0.34

17 Depression duration (s)

0.20 ± 0.09

0.44

0.10 ± 0.03

0.35

0.14 ± 0.05

0.31

18 Cycle duration (s)

0.28 ± 0.10

0.35

0.23 ± 0.07

0.28

0.27 ± 0.07

0.23