Fig. 3

Muscular funiculus in ctenostomes. The funiculus musculature is highlighted in green. a Paludicelloidea, Paludicella articulata. Lateral view of an entire, partially retracted zooid with its lophophore and parts of the caecum on the basal side. Note the two funiculi, one distally and another one proximally positioned, that attach parallel to the caecum. b Alcyonidioidea. Alcyonidium diaphanum, close-up of the digestive tract and a muscular funiculus that attaches to the caecum. c Walkerioidea, Triticella flava. Muscular funiculus extending from the proximal tip of the caecum to the body wall. d Victorelloidea, Victorella pavida. Close-up of the digestive tract showing a muscular funiculus attaching to the proximal caecum. Note that the caecum is slightly bent. Also note thin strands projecting from the pore complex towards the polypide. e Arachnidioidea, Nolella sp., showing an elongated thin funiculus extending from the caecum. Abbreviations: a – aperture, am – apertural muscle, cae – caecum, f – funiculus, ic – possible interconnecting strands, int – intestine, l – lophophore, lb – lophophoral base, pb – parieto-vaginal band, pc – pore complex, ph – pharynx, pm – parietal muscles, rm – retractor muscle