Table 3 Selection of BLAST homologies found in Plectrohyla lip glands and their known functions in other animals. PS = P. sagorum, PM = P. matudai; **** ≥ 5000, ** ≥ 2500, ** ≥ 1000, * ≥ 500 (in parenthesis = expression level below 50 TPM)
Protein homology | Extract of known functions in other species | Main location of expression in other taxa | Expression level | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2D-TFPs (e.g. sodefrin precursor-like factor, phospholipase A2 inhibitor) | Sex pheromones, toxins, cholinergic signalling, immune regulation, Phospholipase inhibition | Sex glands; various organs | PS****, PM**** | |
Kazal-type inhibitors (Ovomucoid-like) | Protease inhibitor (e.g. Trypsin), egg protein, possibly secretion protection | Oviduct (liver) | PS**, PM**** | |
Ovostatin | Protease inhibitor (e.g. Trypsin), egg protein, possibly secretion protection | Oviduct | PS**, PM** | |
Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I) | Egg membrane protein; ovomucin expression, antimicrobial barrier for eggs | Oviduct | PS**, PM*** | |
Fish-egg lectin | Egg protein, antimicrobial | Ovary (but also other organs) | PS, PM | [92] |
Jeltraxin | Egg protein, binds calcium (pot. Fertilization facilitation) | Oviduct | PS, PM* | [93] |
Avidin | Egg protein, binds biotin (pot. Bacterial growth inhibition) | Oviduct | PS, PM | [94] |
Cysteine rich secretory proteins (CRISP-familiy; e.g. serotriflin-like protein, MGC108118 protein precursor) | Involved in fertilization (sperm guidance), antimicrobial, venoms | Uterus (some also other organs) | PS***, PM** | |
Beta-microseminoprotein | Seminal plasma protein, antibacterial, antifungal | Prostate (but also other organs) | PS*, PM* | |
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) | Influence on reproductive behaviour, locomotor activity | Hypothalamus | PM (PS) | |
Tachykinin | Gut tissue contraction, defensive skin peptide, vasodilation, locomotor stimulation | Various organs | PM (PS) | |
Glucagon | Blood sugar elevation, appetite regulation | Pancreas | (PM) | |
Nucleobindin 2 peptide (NUCB2) | Fat metabolism regulation, appetite regulation | Spleen, testis and stomach | PS (PM) | [108] |
Resistin-like | Peptide hormone derived from adipose tissue, insulin-antagonist | Gastrointestinal tract | PM | [109] |
Inactive pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (PL-RP1) | Inhibitor of dietary triglyceride digestion | Pancreas | PS, PM | [110] |