Fig. 3

Spectrograms illustrating male impala rutting calls and alarm calls. a continuous roar, ending with an inhalation, b interrupted roar, ending with a snort without pause, c pant-roar, d usual snort, e roar-snort, f alarm snort. Male impala rutting calls are emitted in bouts toward conspecific females and rival males and alarm calls are emitted in series with irregular intervals toward potential danger (researcher). The spectrogram was created with a Hamming window; 22,050 Hz sampling rate; FFT 1024 points; frame 50%; and overlap 93.75%. The audio file of these calls is available as Additional file 3: Audio S3