Fig. 3
From: Goats distinguish between positive and negative emotion-linked vocalisations
Heart-rate variability (RMSSD) in response to the playbacks. Mean +/− SE RMSSD during the habituation phase (H1-H9), dishabituation phase (D10-D12) and rehabituation phase (R13). The black line (PNP) represents the sequence positive (habituation) – negative (dishabituation) – positive (rehabituation) calls and the grey line (NPN) represents the sequence negative (habituation) – positive (dishabituation) – negative (rehabituation) calls. The habituation phase revealed an interaction effect between the valence of the call broadcasted and the call number (H1-H9). The comparison between the last call of habituation (H9) and the 1st call of dishabituation (D10) revealed an effect of valence. An interaction effect between call number and valence was found when the 3rd call of dishabituation (D12) was compared with the rehabituation call (R13). *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p = 0.052; NS = not significant