Table 1 Brown bear plasma metabolite profiles
From: Metabolic reprogramming involving glycolysis in the hibernating brown bear skeletal muscle
| Â | Summer | Winter | p-value | N/season | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma metabolite assays using enzymatic methods (kits) | Â | ||||
 Glucose (mM) | 4.10 ± 0.83 | 5.90 ± 0.41 | 0.0913 | 6 | – |
 Free fatty acids (mM) | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.0003 | 7 | – |
 Lactate (mM) | 8.59 ± 1.31 | 4.28 ± 0.95 | 0.0125 | 7 |  |
 Glycerol (mM) | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.3944 | 25 | – |
 Triacylglycerols (mM) | 2.85 ± 0.20 | 3.60 ± 0.31 | 0.0124 | 6 | – |
Plasma NMR-based analysis | mean VIP | ||||
 Glucose (au) | 1.00 ± 0.07 | 1.21 ± 0.05 | 0.0598 | 7 | 1.73 |
 Unidentified fatty acid (au) | 1.00 ± 0.15 | 1.25 ± 0.15 | 0.3659 | 7 | 2.19 |
 Lactate (au) | 1.00 ± 0.09 | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 0.0672 | 7 | 1.70 |
 Glycerol (au) | 1.00 ± 0.04 | 0.78 ± 0.03 | 0.0059 | 7 | 1.05 |
 3-hydroxybutyrate (au) | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 1.65 ± 0.10 | 0.0007 | 7 | 1.86 |
 Pyruvate (au) | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 1.22 ± 0.10 | 0.2561 | 7 | 1.21 |
 Glycine/sarcosine (au) | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.0606 | 7 | 1.02 |
 Glutamine (au) | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 1.19 ± 0.09 | 0.1768 | 7 | 1.02 |
 Myo-inositol (au) | 1.00 ± 0.20 | 1.40 ± 0.24 | 0.2155 | 7 | 2.47 |
 Betaine (au) | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 1.37 ± 0.13 | 0.0244 | 7 | 1.90 |
 Creatinine (au) | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 1.51 ± 0.15 | 0.0126 | 7 | 1.38 |
Plasma liquid chromatography-based analysis of amino acids | Â | ||||
 Alanine (μM) | 597.8 ± 55.1 | 441.1 ± 31.7 | 0.0234 | 8 | – |
 Glutamine (μM) | 479.4 ± 54.0 | 631.1 ± 31.3 | 0.0356 | 8 | – |