Table 5 Description of the landmarks, including position and type, collected on each cranium, mandible, and tooth; Type I: discrete juxtapositions of tissue types and Type II: maxima of curvature or other local morphogenetic processes [37]
From: Shape variation and modularity of skull and teeth in domesticated horses and wild equids
Position | Type | |
|---|---|---|
Cranium | ||
1–2 | Posterior tip of the upper third incisor | II |
3–4 | Posterior most point of the nasal-premaxilla suture | I |
5–6 | Premaxillary-maxillary-nasal suture | I |
7–8 | Dorsoposterior tip of the infraorbital foramen | II |
9–10 | Anterior tip of the facial crest | II |
11 | Nasion, nasal-frontal suture, midline | I |
12–13 | Junction of the lacrimal, maxilla, and nasal sutures | I |
14–15 | Zygo-lacrimal suture on the orbital margin | I |
16–17 | Lacrimal-frontal suture on the orbital margin | I |
18–19 | Supraorbital foramen | II |
20–21 | Anterior tip of the zygo-temporal suture | I |
22–23 | Posterior tip of the zygo-temporal suture | I |
24–25 | Dorsal tip of the frontal-temporal suture | I |
26–27 | Ventroposterior tip of the zygomatic process | II |
28–29 | Dorsalmost point of the vertically orientated posterior margin of the zygomatic process | II |
30–31 | Ventrolateralmost point of squamous part of temporal bone | II |
32 | Anterior tip of the occipital triangle | I |
33 | Posterior tip of the nuchal crest | II |
34–35 | Dorsolateral tip of the nuchal crest | II |
36 | Dorsalmost point on the margin of the foramen magnum | II |
37 | Point between first incisors from ventral side | II |
38–39 | Posteriormost tip of the premaxillary-maxillary suture, ventral | I |
40–42 | Anterior tip of the second premolar | II |
41–43 | Posterior tip of the third molar | II |
44 | Posteriormost point of the incisive canal | II |
45 | Posterior tip of the palatine process of the incisive bone | I |
46 | Posterior tip of the palatine-palatine suture | I |
47–48 | Distal tip of the pterygoid hamulus | II |
49–51 | Anterior tip of the caudal alar foramen | II |
50 | Posterior tip of the vomer on the midline | II |
52–53 | Medial tip of the mandibular fossa | II |
54–55 | Canal for hypoglossal nerve | II |
56–57 | Fossa medial of the paracondylar process | II |
58–59 | Distal tip of the paracondylar process | II |
60 | Ventral tip of the foramen magnum | II |
61–62 | Posteriormost tip of the occipital condyle | II |
Mandible | ||
U1 | Posterior point between first incisors | II |
U2–U3 | Posterior tip of the third lower incisor | II |
U4–U5 | Posterior tip of the canine | II |
U6 | Posterior tip of the mandible on the midline | II |
U7–U8 | Anterior tip of the second premolar | II |
U9–U10 | Posterior tip of the third molar | II |
U11–U12 | Junction of the bases of the coronoid and condylar processes | II |
U13–U14 | Lateral tip of the condylar process | II |
U15–U16 | Medial tip of the condylar process | II |
U17–U18 | Posterior tip of the mandibular mental foramen | II |
U19–U20 | Vascular notch of the mandible | II |
U21–U22 | Maximum curvature of the angle of the mandible right behind the vascular notch | II |
U23–U24 | Maximum curvature of the angle of the mandible | II |
Cranium 2P | ||
1 | Maximum curvature of the metastyle | II |
2 | Maximum curvature of the mesostyle, distal side | II |
3 | Maximum curvature of the mesostyle, medial side | II |
4 | Maximum curvature of the anterior accessory rib | II |
5 | Maximum curvature of the parastyle | II |
6 | Maximum curvature of the protocone, mesial/labial side | II |
7 | Maximum curvature of the protocone, buccal side | II |
8 | Maximum curvature of the protocone, distal/labial side | II |
9 | Maximum curvature of the hypocone | II |
Cranium 3 M | ||
1 | Maximum curvature of the metastyle | II |
2 | Maximum curvature of the mesostyle | II |
3 | Maximum curvature of the parastyle | II |
4 | Maximum curvature of the preprotoconal groove | II |
5 | Maximum curvature of the protocone, mesial side | II |
6 | Maximum curvature of the protocone, distal side | II |
7 | Maximum curvature of the post protoconal valley, buccal side | II |
8 | Maximum curvature of the post protoconal valley, labial side | II |
9 | Maximum curvature of the hypocone, buccal side | II |
10 | Maximum curvature of the hypocone, labial side | II |
Mandible 2P | ||
1 | Maximum curvature of the protoconid, anterior/ lingual side | II |
2 | Maximum curvature of the preflexid, anterior side | II |
3 | Maximum curvature of the preflexid, posterior side | II |
4 | Maximum curvature of the metaconid, anterior side | II |
5 | Maximum curvature of the metastylid, posterior side | II |
6 | Maximum curvature of the postflexid, anterior side | II |
7 | Maximum curvature of the postflexid, posterior side | II |
8 | Maximum curvature of the hypoconulid, posterior side | II |
9 | Maximum curvature of the hypoconid, anterior/ buccal side | II |
10 | Maximum curvature of the ectoflexid, lingual side | II |
11 | Maximum curvature of the protoconid, posterior/ buccal side | II |
12 | Maximum curvature of the protoconid, anterior/ buccal side | II |
Mandible 3 M | ||
1 | Maximum curvature of the hypoconulid, posterior side | II |
2 | Maximum curvature of the entoconid, anterior side | II |
3 | Maximum curvature of the entoflexid, posterior side | II |
4 | Maximum curvature of the entoflexid, anterior side | II |
5 | Maximum curvature of the metastylid, posterior side | II |
6 | Maximum curvature of the metaconid, anterior side | II |
7 | Maximum curvature of the metaflexid, posterior side | II |
8 | Maximum curvature of the protoconid, anterior side | II |
9 | Maximum curvature of the protoconid, posterior side | II |
10 | Maximum curvature of the ectoflexid, lingual side | II |
11 | Maximum curvature of the hypoconid, anterior/ buccal side | II |
12 | Maximum curvature between the hypoconid and hypoconulid, lingual side | II |