Geckos decouple fore- and hind limb kinematics in response to changes in incline

Birn-Jeffery, Aleksandra V.; Higham, Timothy E.

doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0144-2

Frontiers in Zoology

Table 2 Means and ANOVA results for postural variables for the forelimbs and hind limb

From: Geckos decouple fore- and hind limb kinematics in response to changes in incline

	Mean ± s.e.m.	Difference from level				F-statistic (degrees of freedom)	P-value
	Level	+10°	+45°	-45°	-10°	F-statistic (degrees of freedom)	P-value
Forelimb
L_FF (m/SVL)	0.60 ± 0.016	0.02 ± 0.004	0.01 ± 0.007	-0.00 ± 0.011	0.01 ± 0.004	0.00 (1,7)	0.98
L_ES (m/SVL)	0.28 ± 0.014	0.00 ± 0.008	-0.02 ± 0.008	0.01 ± 0.009	0.01 ± 0.010	1.78 (4,20)	0.18
L_MS (m/SVL)	0.39 ± 0.014	-0.00 ± 0.004	-0.00 ± 0.006	0.03 ± 0.009	0.00 ± 0.008	0.13 (2,18)	0.88
Shoulder height FF (m/SVL)	0.18 ± 0.010	-0.01 ± 0.009	-0.01 ± 0.012	-0.03 ± 0.010	0.00 ± 0.009	1.27 (4,20)	0.32
Shoulder height MS (m/SVL)	0.17 ± 0.009	-0.01 ± 0.004	-0.00 ± 0.009	-0.03 ± 0.009	-0.01 ± 0.008	2.34 (4,20)	0.09
Shoulder height ES (m/SVL)	0.17 ± 0.009	-0.01 ± 0.007	-0.01 ± 0.010	-0.02 ± 0.009	-0.01 ± 0.010	0.46 (4,20)	0.77
L_Azimuth FF	107.11 ± 1.094	-4.29 ± 0.919	1.46 ± 0.841	-5.43 ± 0.690	-4.80 ± 1.419	0.65 (1,7)	0.44
L_Azimuth ES	160.41 ± 3.402	3.85 ± 3.228	2.31 ± 2.725	-12.33 ± 4.711	-3.83 ± 3.060	1.88 (4,20)	0.15
L_Elevation FF	20.14 ± 0.222	-0.66 ± 0.666	0.31 ± 0.827	-5.31 ± 0.095	-0.68 ± 0.411	0.45 (1,7)	0.52
L_Elevation ES	52.19 ± 2.060	0.05 ± 1.884	-7.17 ± 2.281	-17.61 ± 2.079^a	-2.88 ± 3.204	8.77 (4,20)	<0.005
Hind limb
L_FF (m/SVL)	0.29 ± 0.009	0.01 ± 0.007	-0.01 ± 0.006	0.04 ± 0.019	0.03 ± 0.010	3.11 (3,15)	0.06
L_ES (m/SVL)	0.57 ± 0.013	0.02 ± 0.009	0.02 ± 0.006	-0.04 ± 0.012^a	0.00 ± 0.011	4.76 (4,20)	0.007
L_MS (m/SVL)	0.39 ± 0.010	0.02 ± 0.012	0.02 ± 0.005	0.03 ± 0.011^a	0.03 ± 0.010	3.22 (4,20)	0.03
Hip height FF (m/SVL)	0.19 ± 0.010	0.00 ± 0.015	-0.01 ± 0.012	-0.04 ± 0.017	-0.03 ± 0.010	1.03 (4,20)	0.42
Hip height MS (m/SVL)	0.17 ± 0.007	0.00 ± 0.013	-0.02 ± 0.009	-0.03 ± 0.013	-0.01 ± 0.008	0.94 (4,20)	0.46
Hip height ES (m/SVL)	0.18 ± 0.007	0.01 ± 0.011	-0.01 ± 0.007	-0.03 ± 0.010	-0.02 ± 0.005	0.99 (4,20)	0.43
L_Azimuth FF	171.49 ± 1.943	12.27 ± 5.961	12.89 ± 3.296	30.33 ± 6.793^a	4.08 ± 2.203	4.22 (3,15)	0.02
L_Azimuth ES	248.55 ± 2.038	-1.62 ± 1.838	-1.44 ± 2.178	-3.33 ± 4.073	-7.09 ± 1.918	0.78 (4,20)	0.55
L_Elevation FF	45.01 ± 1.436	-0.95 ± 1.200	-7.84 ± 1.164^a	-14.50 ± 1.452^a	-9.98 ± 2.514	9.49 (3,15)	<0.005
L_Elevation ES	19.22 ± 0.719	-1.06 ± 1.008	-3.98 ± 0.964	-3.22 ± 0.964	-3.03 ± 0.567	2.15 (4,20)	0.11

L is leg, FF denotes footfall, ES is end stance and MS is mid stance
^aDenotes significant differences from level

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ISSN: 1742-9994

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