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Table 1 The taxonomy of the titis

From: Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence

Hershkovitz [15]

Hershkovtiz [5, 12]

Kobayashi [13]; Kobayashi & Langguth [28]

Van Roosmalen et al. [6]

Groves [17]

Present study

Genus Callicebus

Genus Callicebus

Genus Callicebus

Genus Callicebus

Genus Callicebus

Genus Cheracebus

--

--

--

--

Subgenus Torquatus

--

--

torquatus group

torquatus group

torquatus group

torquatus group

--

C. torquatus torquatus

C. torquatus torquatus

C. torquatus torquatus

C. torquatus

C. torquatus

C. torquatus

C. t. lugens

C. t. lugens

C. t. lugens

C. lugens

C. lugens

C. lugens*

--

C. t. lucifer

C. t. lucifer

C. lucifer

C. lucifer

C. lucifer

--

C. t. purinus

C. t. purinus

C. purinus

C. purinus

C. purinus*

--

C. t. regulus

C. t. regulus

C. regulus

C. regulus

C. regulus

C. t. medemi

C. t. medemi

C. t. medemi

C. medemi

C. medemi

C. medemi

--

--

--

--

Subgenus Callicebus

Genus Callicebus

--

moloch group

personatus group

personatus group

personatus group

--

--

C. personatus personatus

C. personatus

C. personatus

C. personatus

C. personatus*

--

C. p. melanochir

C. melanochir

C. melanochir

C. melanochir

C. melanochir

--

C. p. nigrifrons

C. nigrifrons

C. nigrifrons

C. nigrifrons

C. nigrifrons*

--

C. p. barbarabrownae

C. barbarabrownae

C. barbarabrownae

C. barbarabrownae

C. barbarabrownae

--

--

C. coimbrai

C. coimbrai

C. coimbrai

C. coimbrai*

--

--

--

--

--

Genus Plecturocebus

--

--

moloch group

moloch group

moloch group

moloch group

C. moloch moloch

C. moloch

C. moloch

C. moloch

C. moloch

P. moloch*

--

C. cinerascens

C. cinerascens

C. cinerascens

C. cinerascens

P. cinerascens*

C. m. hoffmannsi

C. hoffmannsi hoffmannsi

C. hoffmannsi hoffmannsi

C. hoffmannsi

C. hoffmannsi

P. hoffmannsi*

--

C. h. baptista

C. h. baptista

C. baptista

C. baptista

P. baptista

--

--

--

C. bernhardi

C. bernhardi

P. bernhardi*

C. m. brunneus

C. brunneus

C. brunneus

C. brunneus

C. brunneus

P. brunneus*

--

--

cupreus group

cupreus group

--

--

C. m. cupreus

C. cupreus cupreus

C. cupreus cupreus

C. cupreus

C. cupreus

P. cupreus*

C. m. discolor

C. c. discolor

C. c. discolor

C. discolor

C. discolor

P. discolor

C. m. ornatus

C. c. ornatus

C. c. ornatus

C. ornatus

C. ornatus

P. ornatus

--

C. caligatus

C. caligatus

C. caligatus

C. caligatus

P. caligatus*

--

C. dubius

C. dubius a

C. dubius

C. dubius

--

--

--

--

C. stephennashi

C. stephennashi

P. stephennashi

--

--

--

--

--

P. aureipalatii

--

--

--

--

--

P. caquetensis

--

--

--

--

--

P. vieirai

--

--

--

--

--

P. miltoni*

--

--

--

--

--

P. toppini

--

donacophilus group

donacophilus group

donacophilus group

donacophilus

group

donacophilus group

C. m. donacophilus

C. donacophilus donacophilus

C. donacophilus donacophilus

C. donacophilus

C. donacophilus

P. donacophilus*

--

C. d. pallescens

C. d. pallescens

C. pallescens

C. pallescens

P. pallescens

--

C. oenanthe

--

C. oenanthe

C. oenanthe

P. oenanthe

--

C. olallae

C. olallae

C. olallae

C. olallae

P. olallae

--

--

--

--

--

P. urubambensis

--

modestus group

--

--

modestus group

--

--

C. modestus

C. modestus

C. modestus

C. modestus

P. modestus

10 taxa

25 taxa

25 taxa

28 taxa

28 taxa

33 taxa

  1. Taxonomic arrangement for Callicebus taxa as proposed by Hershkovitz [15]; Hershkovitz [5, 12]; Kobayashi [13] and Kobayashi & Langguth [28]; Van Roosmalen et al. [6]; Groves [17]; and the present study. Classification for species not included in this study follows Groves [17], and species described and reinstated after Groves [11, 17, 66, 94–96] with the exception of P. modestus where we follow Kobayashi [13]. Bold indicates species' classification
  2. aSpecies group undetermined
  3. *Species included in this study