Skip to main content

Table 2 Linear distances determined in the toad skulls. In total, we determined 24 linear distances representing individual dimensions of the bones (or the orbit) in the toads’ skulls. Distances are spread through the skull in three views (dorsal, ventral and lateral; see Fig. 1). We positioned landmarks in both sides of the skull and averaged the distances from both sides

From: Landmark precision and reliability and accuracy of linear distances estimated by using 3D computed micro-tomography and the open-source TINA Manual Landmarking Tool software

Distances

Landmarks

Bones

1

1-2

nasal

2

2-3

frontoparietal

3

1-4

nasal

4

1-5

nasal

5

2-5

frontoparietal

6

5-6

frontoparietal

7

4-6

orbit

8

6-8

squamosal

9

7-9

occipital

10

3-9

frontoparietal

11

1-10

prenasal

12

1-11

nasal

13

10-11

nasal

14

5-11

nasal

15

10-12

maxilla

16

8-12

squamosal

17

13-14

parasphenoid

18

13-20

parasphenoid

19

15-16

premaxilla

20

16-17

nasal

21

17-18

neopalatine

22

17-19

pterygoid

23

19-20

pterygoid

24

14-20

parasphenoid