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Table 1 Values (mean ± SD) of oral and nasal call variables and repeated measures ANOVA results for their comparison

From: The power of oral and nasal calls to discriminate individual mothers and offspring in red deer, Cervus elaphus

Call variable

Hinds (n = 28)

Calves (n = 31)

 

Oral calls

Nasal calls

ANOVA

Oral calls

Nasal calls

ANOVA

durat (s)

0.759 ± 0.235

0.791 ± 0.253

F 1,27 = 0.69, p = 0.414

0.264 ± 0.080

0.230 ± 0.039

F 1,30 = 9.79, p = 0.004

dur-to-max (s)

0.230 ± 0.098

0.308 ± 0.138

F 1,27 = 10.90, p = 0.003

0.311 ± 0.078

0.300 ± 0.133

F 1,30 = 0.16, p = 0.696

f0beg (Hz)

137 ± 33

128 ± 29

F 1,27 = 7.40, p = 0.011

773 ± 113

695 ± 122

F 1,30 = 22.97, p < 0.001

f0end (Hz)

89 ± 19

89 ± 16

F 1,27 = 0.15, p = 0.700

518 ± 96

481 ± 58

F 1,30 = 4.80, p = 0.036

f0max (Hz)

180 ± 31

173 ± 32

F 1,27 = 3.02, p = 0.094

875 ± 99

781 ± 103

F 1,30 = 64.49, p < 0.001

f0min (Hz)

95 ± 18

93 ± 14

F 1,27 = 1.11, p = 0.301

554 ± 93

512 ± 76

F 1,30 = 9.06, p = 0.005

f0mean (Hz)

153 ± 25

148 ± 24

F 1,27 = 3.46, p = 0.074

778 ± 87

694 ± 79

F 1,30 = 57.39, p < 0.001

∆f0 (Hz)

85 ± 26

80 ± 29

F 1,27 = 1.49, p = 0.233

321 ± 77

269 ± 92

F 1,30 = 13.24, p = 0.001

fpeak (Hz)

1418 ± 555

1060 ± 568

F 1,27 = 12.82, p = 0.001

2973 ± 684

2289 ± 948

F 1,30 = 19.39, p < 0.001

q25 (Hz)

952 ± 285

713 ± 250

F 1,27 = 24,50, p < 0.001

1681 ± 506

1163 ± 387

F 1,30 = 28.66, p < 0.001

q50 (Hz)

1731 ± 255

1632 ± 257

F 1,27 = 3.03; p = 0.093

2987 ± 384

2488 ± 515

F 1,30 = 30.89; p < 0.001

q75 (Hz)

2471 ± 252

2534 ± 261

F 1,27 = 1.20, p = 0.283

3730 ± 238

3564 ± 395

F 1,30 = 7.10, p = 0.012

power-f0 (dB)

13.90 ± 5.76

5.38 ± 4.10

F 1,27 = 55.15, p < 0.001

10.49 ± 5.67

6.90 ± 6.98

F 1,30 = 8.14, p = 0.008

peak-harm

8.2 ± 3.3

6.1 ± 3.1

F 1,27 = 10.66, p = 0.003

3.5 ± 0.9

3.0 ± 1.3

F 1,30 = 4.65, p = 0.039

  1. Designations: durat – call duration; dur-to-max – the duration from call onset to the point of the maximum fundamental frequency; f0beg – the fundamental frequency at the onset of a call; f0end – the fundamental frequency at the end of a call; f0max – the maximum fundamental frequency of a call; f0min – the minimum fundamental frequency of a call; f0mean – the average fundamental frequency of a call; ∆f0 – the depth of frequency modulation, calculated as the difference between f0max and f0 min; fpeak – the frequency of maximum amplitude within a call; q25, q50, q75 – the lower, medium and upper quartiles of a call; power-f0 – the relative power of the f0 band compared to the peak frequency band; peak-harm – the order number of the harmonic with the maximum energy. Significant differences are highlighted in bold.
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Frontiers in Zoology

ISSN: 1742-9994