Figure 4

Quantitative PCR expression profiles of neuromodulators during the  H. asinina  reproductive cycle. (A-D) Relative gene expression in anterior ganglia during the reproductive cycle of male and female H. asinina. N = 4 anterior ganglia/data points for male or female as relevant. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Asterisks indicate a significant difference in expression between genders for the indicated timepoint. Notable events during the spawning cycle are indicated: D, dissociation of Cohort I oocytes from trabeculae; G, germinal vesicle breakdown at onset of oocyte maturation; S, time of spawn; V, vitelline envelope appears around the developing, almost full size, Cohort I oocytes. Heat maps (right) indicate level of significance (P < 0.05) for comparisons of gene expression between gender/timepoint groups by Tukey’s HSD test. Background blue cells indicate male, green cells indicate female, aqua cells indicate corresponding time points between males and females. Significant differences in expression are indicated: yellow cells P < 0.05; orange cells P < 0.01; red cells P < 0.001. Day of spawn is highlighted in grey.