The influence of a hot environment on parental cooperation of a ground-nesting shorebird, the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus

Table 1 Final mixed-effects models of incubation behaviour in the Kentish plover (Type III SS ANOVA).

Explanatory variables	Response variable
	% total incubation df_error = 262			% male incubation df_error = 250			% female incubation df_error = 261			Changeovers df_error = 262			Length of off-nest periods df_error = 208
	df	F	P	df	F	P	df	F	P	df	F	P	df	F ( F )	P ( P )
Time period	11	1.44	0.157	11	2.61	0.004	11	0.81	0.632	11	1.138	0.332	11	1.980 (2.019)	0.032 (0.028)
Ambient temperature	2	0.25	0.782	2	0.35	0.704	2	0.75	0.475	2	0.856	0.426	2	0.877 (0.773)	0.418 (0.463)
Female incubation				1	118.21	<0.001
Male incubation							1	614.79	<0.001
Time period × ambient temperature	22	3.25	<0.001	22	2.95	<0.001	22	2.51	<0.001	22	1.971	0.007	22	1.744 (1.733)	0.024 (0.026)
Time period × female incubation				11	3.36	<0.001

Ambient temperature was included in the models as second degree orthogonal polynomial. Statistically significant terms are in italics. F and P values in parentheses are taken from the alternative model that included also the significant (P = 0.037) year effect.

ISSN: 1742-9994