Figure 3

Differences in a) activity and b) boldness between female and male adults of Phaedon cochleariae (males, N = 23; females, N = 15). The composite variable activity included the behavioural traits covered distance, amount of movements, turning angles < 90°, and variance of turning angles. The composite variable boldness included the behavioural traits dark light, wall time, thanatosis 1 and 2. The asterisks indicate significant differences (* p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p< 0.001) between the activity of males and females(two way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by pairwise multiple comparisons, Holm-Sidak method; there was no significant difference between beetles of different age); n.s. - not significant. The box plots show the median (line), mean (dotted line), the 25th and 75th percentiles, and outliers (circles).