Frontiers in Zoology

Table 1 Results of GLMMs investigating the behavioural responses of elephant family groups to playbacks of contact calls that varied in social affiliation (experiment 1) and social dominance (experiment 2)

From: Effects of social disruption in elephants persist decades after culling

A) Experiment 1:		Amboseli National Park				Pilanesberg National Park
Dependent variable	Parameter	Estimate	s.e.	Z-value	p -value	Estimate	s.e.	Z-value	p -value
Defensive bunching	Alien vs. familiar	1.476	0.579	2.548	0.01	0.471	0.703	0.670	0.50
	Unfamiliar vs. familiar	1.092	0.678	1.610	0.11	−0.525	0.682	−0.770	0.44
Bunching intensity	Alien vs. familiar	0.620	0.319	1.942	0.05	−0.042	0.341	−0.123	0.90
	Unfamiliar vs. familiar	0.406	0.373	1.088	0.28	−0.394	0.374	−1.053	0.29
Prolonged listening	Alien vs. familiar	1.322	0.635	2.080	0.04	−0.428	0.711	−0.602	0.55
	Unfamiliar vs. familiar	0.783	0.737	1.062	0.29	0.080	0.684	0.118	0.91
Investigative smelling	Alien vs. familiar	0.062	0.557	0.111	0.91	−0.868	0.727	−1.194	0.23
	Unfamiliar vs. familiar	0.506	0.683	0.740	0.46	−0.750	0.706	−1.062	0.29
B) Experiment 2:		Amboseli National Park				Pilanesberg National Park
Dependent variable	Parameter	Estimate	s.e.	Z-value	p -value	Estimate	s.e.	Z-value	p -value
Defensive bunching	Age of caller	0.066	0.019	3.444	<0.001	0.0002	0.021	0.011	0.99
Bunching intensity	Age of caller	0.023	0.008	3.026	0.002	0.002	0.009	0.238	0.81
Prolonged listening	Age of caller	0.037	0.018	2.073	0.04	0.017	0.020	0.827	0.41
Investigative smelling	Age of caller	0.040	0.017	2.390	0.02	−0.032	0.021	−1.537	0.12

For experiment 1, the social affiliation parameter was categorical and the model generated results for the alien and unfamiliar playbacks using the familiar category as a reference. See also Additional file 3: Table S2 & Table S3.

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ISSN: 1742-9994

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