Figure 2
From: Effects of social disruption in elephants persist decades after culling
Defensive bunching of elephant family groups in Amboseli (A & C) and Pilanesberg (B & D) to playbacks of re-synthesised contact calls simulating 5 different levels of social dominance on the basis of distinct age/size classes (see also Additional file 2 : Table S1 & Figure S1). Behavioural responses were measured as the probability of bunching (A & B) and mean (± s.e.m) bunching intensity (C & D).