Offspring thermal demands and parental brooding efficiency differ for precocial birds living in contrasting climates

Table 2 Brooding efficiency

Response	Effect type	Effect	Estimate	95% CrI
Response	Effect type	Effect	Estimate	Lower	Upper
Median temperature during brooding [°C]	Fixed	Intercept	36.414	35.741	37.099
		Species (VV)	0.418	− 0.71	1.642
		Night (Yes)	− 2.119	− 2.386	− 1.856
		Ambient temperature	1.11	0.825	1.403
		Head length	0.331	− 0.048	0.716
		SpeciesVV: Night (Yes)	0.346	− 0.063	0.772
		SpeciesVV: Ambient temperature	− 0.737	− 1.089	− 0.391
		Night (Yes): Ambient temperature	− 0.074	− 0.262	0.112
		SpeciesVV: Head length	− 1.084	− 2.043	− 0.12
	Random % variance	ID chick nested in family (Intercept)	25%
		Ambient temperature	2%
		ID family (Intercept)	27%
		Ambient temperature	1%
		Residual	45%

The response variable is the median temperature measured on the chicks’ dorsal part after stabilisation (i.e. after the end of the 5th min). Posterior estimates (medians) of the effect sizes with the 95% credible intervals (Crl) from a posterior distribution of 5000 simulated values generated by the ´sim´ function in R [49]. Variance components were estimated by the ‘lmer’ function with the Gaussian error structure [50]. Continuous predictors and the random slope were z-transformed (mean-centred and divided by SD). The contrasts with 95% credible intervals not containing 0 are highlighted in bold

ISSN: 1742-9994