Fig. 3

Distribution shifts of Quasipaa spinosa at the elevational, latitudinal, and longitudinal dimensions under climate change (over the time periods of the LIG, the LGM, the MidH, Current, 2050, and 2070). abc: full model (all 22 environmental variables are included), df = 5, 218,228, α = 0.05; def: climate-only model (only the 14 bioclimatic variables are included), df = 5, 589,914, α = 0.05. Black squares show the means, solid lines show the medians, the edges of boxes are the quartiles, the crosses are the lower and upper adjacent limits, and the whiskers are the standard deviations