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Table 2 Values (mean ± SD) of the acoustic variables of the three types of male impala rutting roars

From: Rutting vocal display in male impala (Aepyceros melampus) and overlap with alarm context

Roar variable

All roars

n = 201

Continuous roars

n = 35

Interrupted roars

n = 92

Pant-roars

n = 74

GLM roar type effect

GLM recording site effect

Dur (s)

2.89 ± 1.66

1.65 ± 0.47 a

3.04 ± 1.79 b

3.28 ± 1.59 b

F2,192 = 14.2, p < 0.001

F6,192 = 10.4, p < 0.001

f0mean (Hz)

50.5 ± 4.8

49.7 ± 3.4

50.1 ± 3.6

51.4 ± 6.3

F2,192 = 0.43, p = 0.65

F6,192 = 5.21, p < 0.001

F1 (Hz)

349 ± 28

345 ± 31

353 ± 27

347 ± 27

F2,192 = 0.99, p = 0.38

F6,192 = 3.19, p = 0.005

F2 (Hz)

745 ± 53

746 ± 59

743 ± 54

747 ± 49

F2,192 = 0.39, p = 0.68

F6,192 = 3.91, p = 0.001

F3 (Hz)

1270 ± 66

1245 ± 61 a

1284 ± 66 b

1264 ± 66 a, b

F2,192 = 3.18, p = 0.04

F6,192 = 9.20, p < 0.001

F4 (Hz)

1741 ± 134

1738 ± 154

1747 ± 136

1734 ± 121

F2,192 = 0.59, p = 0.56

F6,192 = 10.5, p < 0.001

dF (Hz)

464 ± 44

464 ± 51

464 ± 45

462 ± 38

F2,192 = 0.32, p = 0.73

F2,198 = 8.46, p < 0.001

vtl (mm)

381 ± 39

382 ± 45

381 ± 41

381 ± 33

F2,192 = 0.56, p = 0.57

F6,192 = 7.82, p < 0.001

n exhalation-inhalation cycles

4.67 ± 3.50

1.00 ± 0.00 a

3.63 ± 1.69 b

7.69 ± 3.58 c

F2,192 = 109.1, p < 0.001

F6,192 = 11.6, p < 0.001

one exhalatory phase duration (s)

0.64 ± 0.46

1.40 ± 0.43 a

0.63 ± 0.27 b

0.30 ± 0.10 c

F2,192 = 246.2, p < 0.001

F6,192 = 8.32, p < 0.001

one inhalatory phase duration (s) a

0.21 ± 0.11

0.31 ± 0.13 a

0.24 ± 0.11 b

0.15 ± 0.03 c

F2,179 = 36.5, p < 0.001

F6,179 = 6.93, p < 0.001

time spent exhaling (%)

75.6 ± 10.8

87.3 ± 11.4 a

76.8 ± 8.1 b

68.6 ± 7.8 c

F2,192 = 52.5, p < 0.001

F6,192 = 7.15, p < 0.001

time spent inhaling (%)

24.4 ± 10.8

12.7 ± 11.4 a

23.2 ± 8.1 b

31.4 ± 7.8 c

F2,192 = 52.5, p < 0.001

F2,198 = 7.15, p < 0.001

  1. Designations: Dur call duration, f0mean the mean fundamental frequency, F1, F2, F3, F4 the four first formants, dF the formant dispersion, vtl the vocal tract length calculated on the basis of formant dispersion for the maximally retracted larynx position during roar emission, n exhalation-inhalation cycles = number of exhalation-inhalation cycles, GLM GLM results, significant differences are given in bold. The same superscripts indicate that the values did not differ significantly (Tukey HSD test)
  2. an = 22 for the continuous roars