Fig. 3

Effect of mothers’ dominance rank (i.e., alpha vs. subordinate) on urinary creatinine levels of offspring between the ages 4–10 years (n = 414 samples). Shown are the medians (thin horizontal lines), quartiles (boxes) and the fitted model (thick grey lines) and its 95% confidence intervals (grey error bars) as obtained from the ‘maternal rank effects’ LMM