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Fig. 9 | Frontiers in Zoology

Fig. 9

From: The development and metamorphosis of the indirect developing acorn worm Schizocardium californicum (Enteropneusta: Spengelidae)

Fig. 9

Morphology of the late tornaria larva prior to metamorphosis. Maximum intensity projections of confocal stacks. Larvae are labeled with four markers: phalloidin (green), anti-acetylated tubulin (red) and anti-serotonin (yellow) antibodies, and DAPI (blue) unless otherwise indicated. Anterior to the top and ventral to the left. a-e Lateral view. b Tubulin channel only, showing organization of ciliary bands. c Phalloidin channel only, showing highly muscularized coeloms and reduced pharyngeal musculature. Note that the apical strand is no longer present. d Close-up side view of the protocoel, showing circular and longitudinal muscle fibers. e Close-up side view of the left mesocoel and metacoel. f-h Dorsal view. g Serotonin channel only, showing dense epidermal neural net. h Phalloidin channel only, showing highly muscularized coeloms. i-k Ventral view. j Tubulin channel only, showing organization of ciliary bands. k Serotonin channel only, showing dense epidermal neural net. l Close-up anterior view of the apical organ, serotonin channel only. ao, apical organ; av, anterior view; cm, circular muscle fibers; dc, dorsal cluster of the apical organ; dn, dorsal nerve tract; dv, dorsal view; ll, lateral lobe; lm, longitudinal muscle fibers; ls, lateral saddle; mes, mesocoel; met, metacoel; n, neurotroch; np, neuropil; p, protocoel; pdl, primary dorsal lobe; pds, primary dorsal saddle; pl, primary lobe; pm, pharyngeal muscles; post, post-oral loop of the circumoral ciliary band; pre, pre-oral loop of the circumoral ciliary band; prf, pre-oral field; pvl, primary ventral lobe; pvs, primary ventral saddle; sv, side view; t, telotroch; tn, telotroch nerve tract; vc, ventral cluster of the apical organ. Scale bar: 600 μm (a-c, f-k), 300 μm (d-e, l)

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