Unity in diversity: a survey of muscular systems of ctenostome Gymnolaemata (Lophotrochozoa, Bryozoa)

Table 2 List of specific muscular characters showing distinct variation among ctenostome bryozoans

Superfamily	Parieto-vaginal bands	Tentacle sheath	Cardia	Inner lophophoral base muscle	Retractor muscles
Alcyonidioidea	present	longitudinal musculature	not distinguished	separate, basal transverse muscle	smooth or striated
Arachnidioidea	present	longitudinal musculature	cardiac sphincter	continuous ring	smooth
Hislopioidea*	absent	longitudinal musculature	proventriculus	continuous ring	smooth (few striated parts recognized)
Paludicelloidea	present	longitudinal musculature	not distinguished	continuous ring	smooth
Victorelloidea	mostly absent	diagonal musculature	cardiac sphincter	separate, basal transverse muscle	smooth
Vesicularioidea	mostly absent	longitudinal musculature	proventriculus	separate, basal transverse muscle	smooth
Walkerioidea	mostly absent	diagonal musculature	cardiac sphincter or proventriculus	continuous ring	smooth or striated

ISSN: 1742-9994