From: Shape variation and modularity of skull and teeth in domesticated horses and wild equids
Author | Species and/or breeds | Body part | Method | Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bennett (1980) [38] | Equus andium, E. asinus, E. burchelli, E. caballus (including E. caballus alaskae, originally named E. niobrarensis alaskae by Hay, 1915), E. calobatus, E. conversidens, E. francisi, E. grevyi, E. hatcheri, E. hemionus, E. kiang, E. onager, E. occidentalis, E. quagga, E. scotti, E. zebra, and Dinohippus | Skull & teeth | Descriptive morphology | Living species of Equus can be differentiated by a number of morphological characters |
Seetah et al. (2016) [14] | Icelandic, Thoroughbred, Przewalski’s horses, and potentially E. ferus | Teeth | 2D geometric morphometrics | Tooth shape of horses largely resembles those of Pleistocene and recent wild horses until the onset of modern breeds |
Seetah et al. (2014) [48] | Icelandic and Thoroughbred horses | Teeth | 2D geometric morphometrics | Significant differences between the two horse breeds in tooth shape |
Evans & McGreevy (2006) [63] | Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, Ponies, Arabs, Anglo-Arabs, Quarter horse, Warmblood, and Appaloosa | Skull | Classic morphometrics | No overall shape differences exist but modular differences (nasal vs. cranial) |
Zhu et al. (2014) [64] | E. asinus compared to ponies from Jie (1995) and Evans & McGreevy (2006) | Skull | Classic morphometrics | Supports the two modules from Evans & McGreevy (2006) and shows that donkeys have a longer nasal part |
Hanot et al. (2017) [39] | Domestic horses (E. caballus) of various breeds (i.e. racehorses, draft horses, Shetland ponies, Icelandic ponies, Camargue horse, Pottok, Konik), Przewalski’s horses (E. przewalskii), domestic donkeys (E. asinus asinus) and wild asses (E. a. africanus), mules (E.asinus x E. caballus) and hinnies (E. caballus x E. asinus) | Skull & skeleton | 3D geometric morphometrics | Occipital part of the skull is especially discriminant among species and it is possible to identify domesticated equids from archaeological sites |
Cucchi et al. (2017) [16] | E. ferus caballus, E. f. przewalskii, E. africanus somaliensis, E. a. asinus, E. kiang, E. hemionus hemionus, E. h. khur, E. h. kulan, E. grevyi, E. zebra hartmannae, E. quagga quagga, E. q. burchelli, and hybrids (donkey*horse) | Teeth | 2D geometric morphometrics | Enamel folding is a good phylogenetic marker; strong taxonomic pattern is visible in enamel folding |
Eisenmann & Baylac (2000) [65] | E. grevyi, E. burchelli boehmi, E. zebra zebra, E. asinus, E. h. kulan, E. przewalskii, and E. caballus | Skull | Classic morphometrics | Domestic horses and Przewalski’s horses can be differentiated |