Raven food calls indicate sender’s age and sex

Table 3 Averaged LMMs investigating the effects of sex and age-class onto the three Principal Components (PC1-PC3), with coefficients, estimated means (EM), standard error (SE), z values, significances (p), and lower and upper confidence intervals (CI)

Coefficients	EM	SE	z value	p	2.5% CI	97.5% CI
PC1
(Intercept)	− 0.18	0.29	0.62	0.537	− 0.74	0.39
Sex^a (female vs. male)	0.24	0.63	0.38	0.701	− 0.99	1.48
PC2
(Intercept)	0.51	0.34	1.48	0.1380	− 0.16	1.19
Sex^a (female vs. male)	− 0.43	0.71	0.61	0.5424	−1.81	0.95
Age-class^b (juvenile vs. subadult)	− 0.06	0.12	0.50	0.6195	− 0.29	0.17
Age-class^b (juvenile vs. adult)	− 0.43	0.14	2.96	0.0031	− 0.71	− 0.14
Age-class^c (subadult vs. adult)	− 0.37	0.08	4.37	< 0.0001	− 0.53	− 0.20
PC3
(Intercept)	1.40	0.34	4.11	0.0000	0.73	2.07
Sex^a (female vs. male)	0.62	0.60	1.03	0.3021	− 0.55	1.78
Age-class^b (juvenile vs. subadult)	− 0.76	0.20	3.80	0.0001	−1.15	− 0.37
Age-class^b (juvenile vs. adult)	−1.63	0.24	6.77	< 0.0001	−2.10	−1.16
Age-class^c (subadult vs. adult)	− 0.87	0.14	6.16	< 0.0001	−1.15	− 0.60

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