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Fig. 1 | Frontiers in Zoology

Fig. 1

From: Evolution of beak morphology in the Ground Tit revealed by comparative transcriptomics

Fig. 1

Morphometric analyses for beak size and beak shape of 13 parid species. a. The rule of measurement for the size (length, width and depth) of upper beaks and the selection of landmarks and semi-landmarks on upper beaks. Scale bars are equal to 1 mm. b. LDA for all three size parameters. The 3D plot is based on three linear discriminant functions: LD1, LD2 and LD3. Ground Tits are clearly separated from other tits. c. LDA for beak width and depth. Ground Tits overlap with other parids. d. CVA of beak shape based on Procrustes coordinates. The first three CV components, CV1, CV2 and CV3, cumulatively account for 61.33% of total shape variation. Ground Tits are clearly separated from other parids. CV1 predicted the variations in beak shape between the Ground Tit and all other parid species. CV2 and CV3 predicted differences among other parids (see Additional file 1: Figure S1b)

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