Calls during agonistic interactions vary with arousal and raise audience attention in ravens

Table 1 Results of averaged models (all models with AICc value ≤2) on the propensity to call, and the number of call per interaction bout, with estimated means (EM), adjusted standard errors (SE), z values, and lower and upper confidence intervals (CI)

Coefficients	Level of aggression	EM	Adjusted SE	z value	CI
Coefficients	Level of aggression	EM	Adjusted SE	z value	2.50%	97.50%
Calling propensity
Intercept		1.871	0.582	3.22	0.73	3.01
Level of aggression	forced retreat^a	−1.052	0.578	1.82	−2.18	0.08
	retreat^a	−4.370	0.687	6.36	−5.72	−3.02
	submission^a	−1.690	0.708	2.39	−3.08	−0.30
	retreat^b	−3.318	0.344	9.66	−3.99	−2.65
	submission^b	−0.639	0.409	1.56	−1.44	0.16
	submission^c	2.680	0.468	5.73	−3.10	−1.90
Rank difference		0.482	0.451	1.07	−0.40	1.37
Number of calls/bout
Intercept		2.143	0.314	6.83	1.53	2.76
Level of aggression	forced retreat^a	−1.702	0.328	5.19	−2.35	−1.06
	retreat^a	−1.698	0.452	3.75	−2.58	−0.81
	submission^a	−0.877	0.404	2.17	−1.67	−0.09
	retreat^b	0.004	0.339	0.01	−0.66	0.67
	submission^b	0.825	0.251	3.28	0.33	1.32
	submission^c	0.821	0.395	2.08	0.05	1.59
Rank difference		−0.159	0.372	0.43	−0.89	0.57

ISSN: 1742-9994