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Table 1 Results of averaged models (all models with AICc value ≤2) on the propensity to call, and the number of call per interaction bout, with estimated means (EM), adjusted standard errors (SE), z values, and lower and upper confidence intervals (CI)

From: Calls during agonistic interactions vary with arousal and raise audience attention in ravens

Coefficients Level of aggression EM Adjusted SE z value CI
2.50% 97.50%
Calling propensity
Intercept   1.871 0.582 3.22 0.73 3.01
Level of aggression forced retreata −1.052 0.578 1.82 −2.18 0.08
retreata −4.370 0.687 6.36 −5.72 −3.02
submissiona −1.690 0.708 2.39 −3.08 −0.30
retreatb −3.318 0.344 9.66 −3.99 −2.65
submissionb −0.639 0.409 1.56 −1.44 0.16
submissionc 2.680 0.468 5.73 −3.10 −1.90
Rank difference   0.482 0.451 1.07 −0.40 1.37
Number of calls/bout
Intercept   2.143 0.314 6.83 1.53 2.76
Level of aggression forced retreata −1.702 0.328 5.19 −2.35 −1.06
retreata −1.698 0.452 3.75 −2.58 −0.81
submissiona −0.877 0.404 2.17 −1.67 −0.09
retreatb 0.004 0.339 0.01 −0.66 0.67
submissionb 0.825 0.251 3.28 0.33 1.32
submissionc 0.821 0.395 2.08 0.05 1.59
Rank difference   −0.159 0.372 0.43 −0.89 0.57
  1. Set as reference:
  2. afight
  3. bforced retreat
  4. cretreat
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Frontiers in Zoology

ISSN: 1742-9994