Muscle development in the shark Scyliorhinus canicula: implications for the evolution of the gnathostome head and paired appendage musculature

Table 2 Relative order of cephalic muscle development in selected vertebrates (based on first appearance of myofibers). Sources of developmental description are shown in the right column. Muscles in the same box develop simultaneously. However, it should be mentioned that if M, H, B, appear simultaneously, it is almost always because only the most anterior one or two arches develop simultaneous with the M and H. M – Mandibular arch muscles, H – Hyoid arch muscles, B – Branchial arch muscles, Hy – Hypobranchial arch muscles, L – Laryngeal muscles, A – extrinsic ocular muscles

Species/Order of appearance	1	2	3	4	5	6	Source
Non-tetrapods
Scyliorhinus canicula	HB	MAHy					THIS STUDY
Polypterus senegalus	H	MA	Hy	B			Noda et al. [76]
Danio rerio	MAHy	H	B				Schilling and Kimmel [70]
Neoceratodus forsteri	MH	BHy	A				Ericsson et al. [73]
N. forsteri	H	M	B	Hy	L	A	Ziermann [32]
Tetrapods
Urodela
Ambystoma mexicanum	MHBHy	L	A				Ziermann [32]
A. mexicanum	MHB						Ericsson and Olsson [33]
Ichthyotriton (Mesotriton) alpestris	MH	BHy	A				Ziermann [32]
Lissotriton vulgaris	MHHy	BL	A				Ziermann [32]
Necturus maculosus	MHBHy						Platt [78]
Anura
Ascaphus truei	MHBHy	A	L				Ziermann [32]
Xenopus laevis	MHA	BHy	L				Ziermann and Olsson [31]
Hymenochirus boettgeri	MH	BHyL	A				Ziermann [32]
Discoglossus galganoi	MH	BHy	LA				Ziermann [32]
Discoglossus pictus	MHBHyL	A					Ziermann [32]
D. pictus	MHB						Schlosser and Roth [79]
Bombina orientalis	MH	B					Ziermann [32]
Bombina variegata	MH	B	L	HyA			Ziermann [32]
Pelodytes punctatus	MHB	L	Hy	A			Ziermann [32]
Pelobates fuscus	MHB	HyL	A				Ziermann [32]
Hyla cinerea	MHB	HyL	A				Ziermann [32]
Lepidobatrachus laevis	MHBHyL	A					Ziermann [32]
Bufo brongersmai	MH	BHy L	A				Ziermann [32]
Bufo speciosus	MHB	L	Hy				Ziermann [32]
Phrynomerus bifasciatus	MHB	HyA	L				Ziermann [32]
Kaloula pulchra	MHB	HyL	A				Ziermann [32]
Eleutherodactylus coqui	MHBHy						Schlosser and Roth [80]
Aves
Gallus domesticus	A	M	H	B			Noden et al. [81]
Coturnix coturnix	M	HB					McClearn and Noden [72]
Theria
Monodelphis domestica	Hy	MB	HL	A			Smith [82]
Mus musculus	Hy	M	B	H			Kaufman and Kaufman [83]

ISSN: 1742-9994