|
Social features
|
|
Long-term, extended bonds/Valuable relationships
|
Kin
|
M
|
A
|
Primates - Review; Yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus); Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei); Gelada (Theropithecus gelada); Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
|
[71, 89, 211–213]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus); Cetaceans – Review; African elephant (Loxodonta africana); Wild boar (Sus scrofa); Horse (Equus cabalus)
|
[214–218]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Raven (Corvus corax); Jackdaw (C. monedula;); Rook (C. frugilegus);
|
[6, 72, 113, 219–221]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Greylag goose (Anser anser); Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)
|
[86, 222, 223]
|
| |
Unrelated individuals
|
M
|
A
|
Bechstein bat (Myotis bechsteinii); Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
|
[130, 224, 225]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Horse; wild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)
|
[226, 227]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various species – Review; Long-tailed manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis); Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis)
|
[228–231]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
various species - Review
|
[231–233]
|
|
Affiliative behaviours
|
Allogrooming/Allopreening
|
M
|
A
|
Chimpanzee; Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta); Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus)
|
[225, 234–237]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Horse; Cow (Bos taurus)
|
[114, 238, 239]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Green woodhoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus); various Corvid specs. (raven, jackdaw, rook)
|
[6, 106, 240]
|
| | |
B
|
(semi-) P
|
Common guillemot (Uria aalge)
|
[241]
|
| |
Allofeeding/Food sharing
|
M
|
A
|
various species - Review
|
[242]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
various species (Cetaceans) - Review
|
[242]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Jackdaw; Eurasian siskin (Carduelis spinus); Cliff swallows, (Hirundo pyrrhonota); ± all cooperative breeders, e.g. Arabian babbler (Turdoides squamiceps)
|
[243–247]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Barnacle goose; Greylag goose
|
[223, 248, 249]
|
| |
Behavioural synchrony
|
M
|
A
|
Primates - Review
|
[17]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus); Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)
|
[250, 251]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Jackdaw; Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)
|
[6, 252]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus); Greylag goose
|
[253, 254]
|
| |
Spatial (close) proximity
|
M
|
A
|
various primates and non-primates – Review; Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii); Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu).
|
[92, 255, 256]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
African elephant; feral goat (Capra hircus); Cow;
|
[87, 93, 257]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various Corvid spp. (raven, jackdaw, rook, New Caledonian crow (C. moneduloides))
|
[6, 83, 93]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Barrow’s goldeneye (Bucephala islandica); Greylag goose
|
[86, 88]
|
|
Coalitions/Alliances
| |
M
|
A
|
Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), various primates and non-primates – Review, Vervet monkey
|
[101, 236, 258, 259]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins; Various ungulates - Review
|
[251, 258]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various Corvid spp. (raven, jackdaw, rook, carrion crow (Corvus corone))
|
[83, 100, 258, 260]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Greylag goose; Bewick’s swan (Cygnus bewickii); Eider duck (Somateria mollissima)
|
[258, 261–264]
|
|
Communal defence
| |
M
|
A
|
Crested black macaque (Macaca nigra)
|
[103]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra);
|
[102]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus); Sabine’s gull (Xema sabini)
|
[265, 266]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
White-fronted goose (Anser albifrons)
|
[267]
|
|
Communal/Cooperative breeding
| |
M
|
A
|
various species - Review
|
[107, 125, 268]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
various species – Review; e.g. Degu (Octogon degus); African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio)
|
[105, 107, 110, 125, 268]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various species - Review
|
[104, 109, 269]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
various species – Review; White-winged trumpeter (Psophia leucoptera); Buff-throated partridge (Tetraophasis szechenyii); Black-breasted wood-quail (Odontophorus leucolaemus); Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus); Dusky moorhen (G. tenebrosa); pukeko (Porphyrio melanotus)
|
[104, 109, 120–123, 269–271]
|
|
Conflict resolution (e.g. reconciliation/consolation; redirected aggression)
| |
M
|
A
|
various Primates – Review; Wolf (Canis lupus); Spotted hyena; Meerkat (Suricata suricatta)
|
[74, 111, 115, 272–275]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus); Horse;
|
[114, 276, 277]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various Corvid specs. (raven, rook)
|
[112, 113, 278]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Greylag goose
|
[261]
|
|
Social support/Social buffering
| |
M
|
A
|
various species – Review; Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus); Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus domesticus); Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica)
|
[116, 279–281]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Guinea pig (Cavia aperea and Galea monasteriensis)
|
[282]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various Corvid spp. (raven, jackdaw, rook)
|
[6, 240]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus); Greylag goose - Review
|
[117, 283]
|
|
Cognitive features
|
|
Recognition of close kin
|
Parent-offspring
|
M
|
A
|
Seba’s short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata); Brandt’s vole, (Lasiopodomys brandti)
|
[160, 284]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea); Goat
|
[159, 162]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota); Cave swallows (P. fulva) Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla); European storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus); Spectacled parrotlet (Forpus conspicillatus) pyrrhonota); Black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)
|
[157, 158, 161, 170, 285, 286]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Black swan (Cygnus atratus)
|
[287]
|
| |
Offspring-parent
|
M
|
A
|
Common racoon (Procyon lotor)
|
[288]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Fallow deer (Dama dama); Red deer (Cervus elaphus); Sheep (Ovis aries)
|
[165, 175, 289]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Bell miner (Manorina melanophrys)
|
[290]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Saunder’s gull (Saundersilarus saundersi); Greylag goose
|
[163, 164]
|
| |
Sibling
|
M
|
A
|
Spotted hyena; House mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)
|
[171, 291]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Spiny mouse, (Acomys cahirimus); Beaver (Castor canadensis)
|
(reviewed in [168] Table 4, [292])
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various species – Review; Spectacled parrotlet; Barn owl (Tyto alba); Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica); Long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus)
|
[154, 167–169, 176, 293]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Greylag goose
|
[166]
|
|
Recognition of distant kin
| |
M
|
A
|
Belding’s ground squirrel (Spermophilus beldingi); White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus); Oldfield mouse (P. polionotus rhoadsi); Rat
|
[294]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Spiny mouse
|
[294, 295]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
|
[296]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
|
[156]
|
|
Recognition of unfamiliar kin
| |
M
|
A
|
House mouse; Meerkat; Belding’s ground squirrel; White-footed mouse; Rat
|
[171, 177, 294]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)
|
[297]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Zebra finch; Japanese quail; Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus)
|
[155, 156, 298]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Peacock (Pavo cristatus); wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
|
[178, 299]
|
|
Individual recognition
| |
M
|
A
|
Dwarf mongoose, (Helogale parvula)
|
(recent review [142, 300])
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
domestic goat; African elephant; Horse
|
[159, 301, 302]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
Barn owl; Zebra finch Black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)
|
[158, 176, 303]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Greylag goose
|
[166]
|
|
Long-term memory
| |
M
|
A
|
Guinea baboon (Papio papio); Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)
|
[179, 181]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Goat; Northern fur seal; (Callorhinus ursinus); Australian sea lion; Horse
|
[180, 183–185]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various Corvid specs. (raven, jackdaw, rook, Jungle crow (Corvus macrochynchos); Pigeon (Columba livia)
|
[6, 179, 182, 186]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Greylag goose
|
[187]
|
|
Keeping track and deducing unknown relationships (transitive inference)
| |
M
|
A
|
Rhesus macaque; Black lemur (Eulemur macaco), Common brown lemur (E. fulvus); House mouse
|
[304–306]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Horse
|
[185]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various Corvid specs. (Pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus), Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyanus), Western scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica)); Pigeon
|
[193, 307–309]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Chicken, Greylag goose
|
[310–312]
|
|
3rd party recognition
| |
M
|
A
|
Primates – Review; Chimpanzee; Spotted hyena; Meerkat: domestic Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
|
[140, 258, 259, 273, 313–315]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
Fallow deer; Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii)
|
[316, 317]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various Corvid specs. (raven, rook)
|
[112, 278]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Greylag goose
|
[261, 318]
|
|
Social learning
| |
M
|
A
|
Meerkat
|
[59, 202, 319]
|
| | |
M
|
P
|
African elephant; Thornicoft’s giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti); various Cetaceans – Review; Domestic pig
|
[196–198, 320, 321]
|
| | |
B
|
A
|
various species – Review; Pigeon; King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)
|
[199–201]
|
| | |
B
|
P
|
Greylag goose
|
[203]
|
