Table 1 Various social (top) and cognitive (bottom) features of mammals (M) and birds (B) with respect to their developmental mode (A = altricial, P = precocial)

Long-term, extended bonds/Valuable relationships

Kin

M

A

Primates - Review; Yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus); Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei); Gelada (Theropithecus gelada); Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

[71, 89, 211–213]

M

P

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus); Cetaceans – Review; African elephant (Loxodonta africana); Wild boar (Sus scrofa); Horse (Equus cabalus)

[214–218]

B

A

Raven (Corvus corax); Jackdaw (C. monedula;); Rook (C. frugilegus);

[6, 72, 113, 219–221]

B

P

Greylag goose (Anser anser); Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)

[86, 222, 223]

Unrelated individuals

M

A

Bechstein bat (Myotis bechsteinii); Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

[130, 224, 225]

M

P

Horse; wild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

[226, 227]

B

A

various species – Review; Long-tailed manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis); Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis)

[228–231]

B

P

various species - Review

[231–233]

Affiliative behaviours

Allogrooming/Allopreening

M

A

Chimpanzee; Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta); Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus)

[225, 234–237]

M

P

Horse; Cow (Bos taurus)

[114, 238, 239]

B

A

Green woodhoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus); various Corvid specs. (raven, jackdaw, rook)

[6, 106, 240]

B

(semi-) P

Common guillemot (Uria aalge)

[241]

Allofeeding/Food sharing

M

A

various species - Review

[242]

M

P

various species (Cetaceans) - Review

[242]

B

A

Jackdaw; Eurasian siskin (Carduelis spinus); Cliff swallows, (Hirundo pyrrhonota); ± all cooperative breeders, e.g. Arabian babbler (Turdoides squamiceps)

[243–247]

B

P

Barnacle goose; Greylag goose

[223, 248, 249]

Behavioural synchrony

M

A

Primates - Review

[17]

M

P

Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus); Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)

[250, 251]

B

A

Jackdaw; Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)

[6, 252]

B

P

Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus); Greylag goose

[253, 254]

Spatial (close) proximity

M

A

various primates and non-primates – Review; Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii); Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu).

[92, 255, 256]

M

P

African elephant; feral goat (Capra hircus); Cow;

[87, 93, 257]

B

A

various Corvid spp. (raven, jackdaw, rook, New Caledonian crow (C. moneduloides))

[6, 83, 93]

B

P

Barrow’s goldeneye (Bucephala islandica); Greylag goose

[86, 88]

Coalitions/Alliances

M

A

Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), various primates and non-primates – Review, Vervet monkey

[101, 236, 258, 259]

M

P

Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins; Various ungulates - Review

[251, 258]

B

A

various Corvid spp. (raven, jackdaw, rook, carrion crow (Corvus corone))

[83, 100, 258, 260]

B

P

Greylag goose; Bewick’s swan (Cygnus bewickii); Eider duck (Somateria mollissima)

[258, 261–264]

Communal defence

M

A

Crested black macaque (Macaca nigra)

[103]

M

P

Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra);

[102]

B

A

Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus); Sabine’s gull (Xema sabini)

[265, 266]

B

P

White-fronted goose (Anser albifrons)

[267]

Communal/Cooperative breeding

M

A

various species - Review

[107, 125, 268]

M

P

various species – Review; e.g. Degu (Octogon degus); African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio)

[105, 107, 110, 125, 268]

B

A

various species - Review

[104, 109, 269]

B

P

various species – Review; White-winged trumpeter (Psophia leucoptera); Buff-throated partridge (Tetraophasis szechenyii); Black-breasted wood-quail (Odontophorus leucolaemus); Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus); Dusky moorhen (G. tenebrosa); pukeko (Porphyrio melanotus)

[104, 109, 120–123, 269–271]

Conflict resolution (e.g. reconciliation/consolation; redirected aggression)

M

A

various Primates – Review; Wolf (Canis lupus); Spotted hyena; Meerkat (Suricata suricatta)

[74, 111, 115, 272–275]

M

P

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus); Horse;

[114, 276, 277]

B

A

various Corvid specs. (raven, rook)

[112, 113, 278]

B

P

Greylag goose

[261]

Social support/Social buffering

M

A

various species – Review; Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus); Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus domesticus); Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica)

[116, 279–281]

M

P

Guinea pig (Cavia aperea and Galea monasteriensis)

[282]

B

A

various Corvid spp. (raven, jackdaw, rook)

[6, 240]

B

P

Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus); Greylag goose - Review

[117, 283]

Recognition of close kin

Parent-offspring

M

A

Seba’s short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata); Brandt’s vole, (Lasiopodomys brandti)

[160, 284]

M

P

Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea); Goat

[159, 162]

B

A

Cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota); Cave swallows (P. fulva) Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla); European storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus); Spectacled parrotlet (Forpus conspicillatus) pyrrhonota); Black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)

[157, 158, 161, 170, 285, 286]

B

P

Black swan (Cygnus atratus)

[287]

Offspring-parent

M

A

Common racoon (Procyon lotor)

[288]

M

P

Fallow deer (Dama dama); Red deer (Cervus elaphus); Sheep (Ovis aries)

[165, 175, 289]

B

A

Bell miner (Manorina melanophrys)

[290]

B

P

Saunder’s gull (Saundersilarus saundersi); Greylag goose

[163, 164]

Sibling

M

A

Spotted hyena; House mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)

[171, 291]

M

P

Spiny mouse, (Acomys cahirimus); Beaver (Castor canadensis)

(reviewed in [168] Table 4, [292])

B

A

various species – Review; Spectacled parrotlet; Barn owl (Tyto alba); Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica); Long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus)

[154, 167–169, 176, 293]

B

P

Greylag goose

[166]

Recognition of distant kin

M

A

Belding’s ground squirrel (Spermophilus beldingi); White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus); Oldfield mouse (P. polionotus rhoadsi); Rat

[294]

M

P

Spiny mouse

[294, 295]

B

A

Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)

[296]

B

P

Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

[156]

Recognition of unfamiliar kin

M

A

House mouse; Meerkat; Belding’s ground squirrel; White-footed mouse; Rat

[171, 177, 294]

M

P

Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

[297]

B

A

Zebra finch; Japanese quail; Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus)

[155, 156, 298]

B

P

Peacock (Pavo cristatus); wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

[178, 299]

Individual recognition

M

A

Dwarf mongoose, (Helogale parvula)

(recent review [142, 300])

M

P

domestic goat; African elephant; Horse

[159, 301, 302]

B

A

Barn owl; Zebra finch Black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)

[158, 176, 303]

B

P

Greylag goose

[166]

Long-term memory

M

A

Guinea baboon (Papio papio); Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)

[179, 181]

M

P

Goat; Northern fur seal; (Callorhinus ursinus); Australian sea lion; Horse

[180, 183–185]

B

A

various Corvid specs. (raven, jackdaw, rook, Jungle crow (Corvus macrochynchos); Pigeon (Columba livia)

[6, 179, 182, 186]

B

P

Greylag goose

[187]

Keeping track and deducing unknown relationships (transitive inference)

M

A

Rhesus macaque; Black lemur (Eulemur macaco), Common brown lemur (E. fulvus); House mouse

[304–306]

M

P

Horse

[185]

B

A

various Corvid specs. (Pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus), Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyanus), Western scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica)); Pigeon

[193, 307–309]

B

P

Chicken, Greylag goose

[310–312]

3^rd party recognition

M

A

Primates – Review; Chimpanzee; Spotted hyena; Meerkat: domestic Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

[140, 258, 259, 273, 313–315]

M

P

Fallow deer; Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii)

[316, 317]

B

A

various Corvid specs. (raven, rook)

[112, 278]

B

P

Greylag goose

[261, 318]

Social learning

M

A

Meerkat

[59, 202, 319]

M

P

African elephant; Thornicoft’s giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti); various Cetaceans – Review; Domestic pig

[196–198, 320, 321]

B

A

various species – Review; Pigeon; King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

[199–201]

B

P

Greylag goose

[203]