Fig. 3

Some field applications using Odonata. Panel a-b show pairs of the damselfly Coenagrion puella at Queen Elizabeth Country Park, UK. Animals have been marked on the thorax (to easily identify marked from unmarked animals) and assigned a unique code on the hindwing so that individual behaviours at the mating site can be recorded throughout an entire breeding season (photo credit Phillip C. Watts). Panel c shows males of the damselfly Calopteryx splendens (different colours represent groupings of resident and immigrant males, as well as mature and immature males) that have been marked with fluorescent dye at Klingavälsåns Naturreservat in Sweden to be measured upon release with a LIDAR [225]. Panel d shows an unidentified anisopteran species that was released at Stellenbosch in South Africa for trialling the setup of a remote insect monitoring technique called dark field spectroscopy [226]. Panel e shows a Calopteryx virgo damselfly male interacting with female C. virgo at Sövdemölla in Sweden. The female has been tethered with a cotton string to a bamboo stick to record mating responses of males. Panel f shows how the same tethered female from Panel e is being moved along the stream shoreline to record male responses [227]. Panel g shows a Calopteryx splendens male that had his wing patches increased with black paint, and Panel h shows how such wing manipulation can be applied even under field conditions. Photo credits C-H Maren Wellenreuther