Behavioural response of a migratory songbird to geographic variation in song and morphology

Table 2 Latency to approach within 5 m

	Fixed effects	Estimate	Hazard ratio	s.e.m	z	p
Playback
(a) males	Origin	−0.86	0.42	0.10	−8.42	<0.001
	90 km	−1.30	0.27	0.31	−4.17	<0.001
	180 km	−2.17	0.11	0.34	−6.36	<0.001
	African	−2.32	0.10	0.35	−6.66	<0.001
	Control	−4.18	0.02	0.53	−7.85	<0.001
	Breeding stage	0.60	1.82	0.59	1.02	0.31
	Trial order	0.04	1.04	0.07	0.52	0.61
	Date	0.08	1.09	0.08	1.06	0.29
	Time	0.004	1.00	0.03	0.16	0.88
(b) females	Origin	−1.36	0.26	0.22	−6.28	<0.001
	90 km	−2.11	0.12	0.49	−4.32	<0.001
	180 km	−2.40	0.09	0.54	−4.45	<0.001
	African	−4.51	0.01	0.85	−5.32	<0.001
	Control	−6.88	0.009	0.97	−7.84	<0.001
	Breeding stage	−0.75	0.47	0.41	−1.84	0.06
	Trial order	0.16	1.18	1.27	1.29	0.20
	Date	0.02	1.02	0.07	0.23	0.82
	Time	−0.09	0.91	0.06	−1.60	0.11
Decoy
(c) males	Origin	−0.78	0.46	0.16	−4.93	<0.001
	European	−0.43	0.65	0.41	−1.03	0.30
	African	−0.65	0.52	0.43	−1.52	0.13
	Control	−2.95	0.05	0.64	−4.62	<0.001
	Breeding stage	0.08	1.08	0.17	0.46	0.65
	Trial order	−0.18	0.83	0.16	−1.18	0.24
	Date	−0.05	0.95	0.11	−0.49	0.62
	Time	−0.001	0.99	0.009	−0.19	0.85
(d) females	Origin	−0.79	0.45	0.16	−4.84	<0.001
	European	−1.50	0.22	0.56	−2.65	0.007
	African	−1.70	0.18	0.59	−2.87	0.004
	Control	−3.19	0.04	0.84	−3.78	<0.001
	Breeding stage	−0.10	0.10	0.18	−0.54	0.59
	Trial order	−0.10	0.10	0.16	−0.59	0.55
	Date	−0.15	0.86	0.10	−1.44	0.15
	Time	−0.01	0.99	0.009	−1.50	0.13

Results of cox mixed-effects model with estimates, hazard ratio, standard error, z-value, and p-value fitted by maximum likelihood for playback in (a) males and (b) females, and decoy experiment in (c) males and (d) females. Estimates refer to differences from the intercept estimate, which represents the latency to approach of the local population (not shown). ‘Origin’ represents the overall estimate of differences between populations. ‘Significant’ differences are shown in bold.

ISSN: 1742-9994