PORIFERA (appearance in Ediacaran)
|
Hexactinellida
|
DS
|
Spicules
|
Silica, aragonite
|
nd
|
Sclerocytes
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
Demospongia
|
M, FW
|
"Spongine", silicatein, silintaphin-1, chitin
| ✓ |
RT-PCR & EST lib.
|
Adult whole organism, embryos
|
[7]
|
Calcarea
|
M
|
Calcite, aragonite
|
nd
| ✓ |
EST lib.
|
Adult whole organism
|
[45]
|
CNIDARIA (appearance in Ediacaran)
|
Octocorallia
|
M
|
Sclerites, spicules, skeleton
|
High-Mg calcite
|
Glycoproteins, lipids, polysaccharides…
|
Calicoblastic cells
| ✓ |
biochemistry, RT-PCR, EST lib.
|
Spicules, tentacules, polyps, larva, embryos
|
[50]
|
Hexacorallia
|
Hard skeleton
|
Aragonite
|
Glycoproteins, lipids, polysaccharides…
| ✓ |
EST lib., RT-PCR, genome
|
Calicoblastic cells
|
[9],[14],[51]-[53]
|
Hydrozoa
|
M, FW
|
Granules, skeleton
|
Aragonite
|
nd
|
-
|
EST lib., genome
|
Polyps
|
[54]
|
BRACHIOPODA (appearance in Cambrian)
|
Craniiformea
|
M
|
Shell
|
Low-Mg calcite
|
nd
|
Mantle cells
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
Linguliformea
|
Ca3(PO4)2
|
nd
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
Rynchonelliformea
|
Low-Mg calcite
|
Glycoproteins + polysaccharides…
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
MOLLUSCA (appearance in Cambrian)
|
Solenogastra & Caudofoveata
|
M
|
Spicules
|
Calcite, aragonite
|
nd
|
Mantle cells
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
Polyplachophora
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
Bivalvia
|
M, FW
|
Shell & granules
|
Periostracum/OM
| ✓ |
RT-PCR, EST lib.
|
Mantle, gills, adductor muscles, larva
|
[2],[11],[13],[15]
|
Gastropoda
|
M, FW, T
| ✓ |
RT-PCR, EST lib., genomes
|
Mantle, nervous system, whole body
|
[16],[21]
|
Cephalopoda
|
M
|
Internal shell
|
Nautilin 63
| ✓ |
-
|
-
|
[55],[56]
|
ANNELIDA (appearance in Cambrian)
|
Pogonophora
|
M
|
Tube & soft granules
|
Calcite, aragonite
|
Mucopoly-saccharides
|
Epidermal glands
| ✓ |
RT-PCR
|
Branchial plume
|
[57]
|
ARTHROPODA (appearance in Cambrian)
|
Hexapoda
|
A, T
|
Exoskeleton
|
Calcite
|
Chitin, proteinaceous organic matrix
|
Cuticle epidermis
| ✓ |
RT-PCR, EST lib., genomes
|
Whole organism
|
[54]
|
Pancrustacea
|
A, M, FW, T
|
Exoskeleton, gastrolithes, sternal plates, caecal concretions
|
Calcite, vaterite, amorphous CaCO3
|
Cuticle epidermis, stomacal disc
| ✓ |
RT-PCR, EST lib.
|
Larvae, oocytes, gills, epidotes, brain, antennal glands…
|
[47],[58]-[60]
|
ECHINODERMATA (appearance in Cambrian)
|
Echinoidea
|
M
|
Test, teeth, spicules, spines
|
High-Mg calcite
|
OM
|
Syncitium/ "fenestrated" mineral
| ✓ |
EST lib., genomes
|
Pluteus ams, calcifying organic matrix
|
[48],[61]
|
Crinoidea
|
Articulated ossicules
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
Ophiuroidea
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
Asteroidea
|
Spicules
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
| ✓ |
Biochemistry
|
-
|
[62]
|
Holothuridea
|
Tiny spicules or ossicules
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
|
-
|
-
| |
UROCHORDATA (appearance in Cambrian)
|
Ascidiacea
|
M
|
Spicules
|
Calcite
|
OM
|
Sclerocytes
| ✓ |
EST lib.
|
nd
|
[54]
|
Appendicularia
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
| ✓ |
Genome
|
nd
|
[63]
|
VERTEBRATA (appearance in Silurian)
|
Actinopterygii
|
M, FW
|
Otoliths
|
Aragonite, vaterite
|
Endolymphatic constituants
|
Sacculus
| ✓ |
RT-PCR
|
Retina, kidney, erythrocytes, gills…
|
[49],[64]
|
Aves
|
T
|
Eggshell
|
Calcite
|
Uterine fluid
|
Distal oviduct
| ✓ |
Genome
|
Testis, retina…
|
[54]
|