Comparative molecular developmental aspects of the mammalian- and the avian lungs, and the insectan tracheal system by branching morphogenesis: recent advances and future directions

Maina, John N

doi:10.1186/1742-9994-9-16

Frontiers in Zoology

Table 1 Expression patterns of some lung signaling molecules, transcription factors, and other molecular factors and the phenotypes specified by their mutations, targeted inhibition, abrogation, blockage or underexpression

From: Comparative molecular developmental aspects of the mammalian- and the avian lungs, and the insectan tracheal system by branching morphogenesis: recent advances and future directions

Signaling molecule
	Gene name	Expression site	Phenotype	References
FGF-18	Fibroblast growth factor-18	Mesenchyme	Poor alveolization	Usui et al. [135]
FGF-9	Fibroblast growth factor-9	Epithelium; mesothelium (future pleura)	Little airway branching; mesenchymal hypoplasia	Colvin et al. [136]; Yin et al. [17]
PDGF-a	Platelet derived growth factor-a	Epithelium	Compromised myoblast and elastin formation; defective alveolization	Bostrom et al. [137]; Buch et al. [138]
Notch-2/3	Notch gene homologue-2/3	Epithelium	Defective alveolization	Xu et al. [139]
FGFR-3/4	Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3/4	Epithelium; mesenchyme	Deficient production of elastin; lacking alveolization	Weinstein et al. [140]
BMP-4	Bone morphogenetic protein-4	Epithelium; Mesenchyme	poor lung development with cystic terminal air spaces	Bellusci et al. [141]; Weaver et al. [142]; Jang et al. [143]
FGFR-2b	Fibroblast growth factor receptor-2b	Epithelium	Lung agenesis; flawed branching; poor epithelial cell differentiation	De Moerlooze et al. [144]; Shu et al. [145]
FGF-10	Fibroblast growth factor-10	Mesenchyme	Lung agenesis and different abnormalities	Sekine et al. [146]; De Moerlooze et al. [144]; [147]
WNT-5a	Wingless-related MMTV integration site-5A	Mesenchyme; epithelium	Excessive branching; tracheal deficiency	Li et al. [148]
WNT-7b	Wingless-related MMTV integration site-7B	Epithelium	Vascular scantiness; reduced mesenchymal proliferation	Shu et al. [149]; Shi et al. [150]; Mucenski et al. [151]
TGF-3β	Transforming growth factor-β3	Epithelium; mesothelium	Anomalous airway branching; poor extent of alveolization	Kaartinen et al. [152]; Shi et al. [153]
Shh	Sonic hedgehog	Epithelium	Poor bronchial branching; hypoplastic lungs; tracheoesophangeal fistula	Litingtung et al. [154]; Minoo et al. [155]
HIP-1	Hedgehog interacting protein-1	Mesenchyme	Defective branching	Chuang and McMahon [156]; Chuang et al. [26]
Catnnb-1	β- catenin	Epithelium	Impaired airway branching	Mucenski et al.[151])
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor	Epithelium; mesenchyme	VEGF knockout have lethal phenotype; anormal vasculature	Zeng et al. [157]; Miquerol et al. [158]; Kasahara et al. [159]
Nog	Noggin	Mesenchyme	Lobation deficiencies	Weaver et al. [142]
Transcription factors
FOXA-1/2	Forkhead box-A1/A2	Epithelium	Hypoplastic lungs; defective branching; poor smooth muscle formation	Wan et al. [160]
FOX-j1	Forkhead box-J1	Epithelium	Deficiency of ciliated cells; left-right asymmetry	Brody et al. [161]
FOX-F1a	Forkhead box-F1a	Mesenchyme	Defective branching and lobation; tracheoesophangeal fistula	Lim et al. [162]
HOX-A5	Homeobox-A5	Mesenchyme	Tracheal occlusion; poor airway branching	Aubin et al. [163]; Golpon et al. [164]
GATA-6	GATA-binding protein-6	Epithelium	Diminished airway branching; defective sacculation	Yang et al. [165]
Gli-2/3	GLI-Kruppel family member GLI-2/3	Mesenchyme	Lung agenesis	Motoyama et al. [166]; van Tuyl and Post [167]
Wnt-2/2b	Wingless-related MMTV integration site-2/2b	Mesenchyme	Lung agenesis	Harris-Johnson et al. [168]
NKX-2.1 (TTF-1)	Nkx homeodomain/thyroid-specific transcription factor	Epithelium	Lung agenesis	Stahlman et al. [169]; Kimura et al. [170]
HOX-a5	Homeobox-A5	Mesenchyme	Poor airway branching; thickening of the alveolar walls	Aubin et al. [163]
ALK-3	Aurora-like kinase	Epithelium	Impairment of lung branching; decreased cell proliferation	Sun et al. [171]
Other molecular factors
Tmem 16a	Transmembrane protein-16a	Epithelium	Abnormal tracheal cartilage development	Rock et al. [172]
RARs	Retinoic receptors	Epithelium; mesenchyme; mesothelium	Lung agenesis and hypolasia; reduction in alveolar number; tracheoesophangeal fistula	Mendelsohn et al. [173]; Dickman et al. [174]; McGowan et al. [175]; Cardoso and Lü [40]
Itga-3	Integrinα-3	Epithelium	Defective branching	Kreidberg et al. [176]; De Arcangelis et al. [177]
Lama-5	Lamininα-5	Epithelium; mesothelium	Defective lobation	Schuger et al. [178]; Nguyen et al. [179]
Lmnb-1	Laminin-B1	Epithelium; mesenchyme	Impaired lobation	Schuger et al. [180]; Vergnes et al. [181]
PTHlh	Parathyroid hormone-like peptide	Epithelium	Impaired branching	Rubin et al. [182]

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ISSN: 1742-9994

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