Figure 4

Test paths of individual ants. Ant were captured at the nest and released at the feeder (10 m away from the nest), with (A) the landmark in the same position as during training; (B) the landmark placed in a distant area (ant released either 2 m or 10 m in front of the fictive nest entrance); (C) the landmark removed; (D) the landmark rotated 32° away from the feeder-nest line (centred on the feeder) to the left or the right; (E, F, G) the landmark rotated 16° for 3 categories of ants: (E) ants that never display a dense 'nest-search' in front of the landmark; (F) ants that displayed a nest-search in front of the landmark but showed U-turns during their approach; (G) ants that displayed a nest-search in front of the landmark but showed no U-turn during their approach. Each path represents an individual ant, with one of them chosen at random highlighted in black. Bar: landmark position on the test (3 m wide). Dashed line: landmark position during training. Star: nest position. White circle: fictive nest position relative to the landmark. Diamond: release point on the distant test field.