Figure 4

Relative migration rate values (N_m) between each population pair for the stepping stone model for the Western Alps region (mtCOI data). Arrows show inferred direction of effective migration. Pink line shows the maximum glacial expansion 20000 years bp; coloured areas represent inferred refugia on calcareous bedrock (yellow: refugia outside the LGM glacial extension; red: potential nunatak refugia below the permanent snowline, but within the maximum glacial expansion). Maximum extent of glaciation and inferred refugia were redrawn from Schönswetter et al. [29].