Skip to main content

Table 6 Published data on scapular movements in mammals.

From: Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the pectoral girdle during upside-down locomotion of two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus, Linné 1758)

Species

Body mass

Mean amplitude of protraction/retraction during contact phase

Data on 3D motion

References

Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae)

0.05 - 0.075 kg

59°

-

[5]

Microcebus murinus (Primates)

0.05 - 0.1 kg

48° ± 6°

Qualitative description

[5, 34, 43]

Tupaia glis (Scandentia)

0.05 - 0.180 kg

59°

-

[5, 44]

Dasyuroides byrnei (Dasyuridae)

0.1 - 0.12 kg

44°

-

[5]

Rattus norvegicus (Rodentia)

0.14 - 0.4 kg

60°

-

[5, 23]

Saguinus Oedipus (Primates)

0.35 - 0.45 kg

49° ± 6°

Qualitative description

[32, 43]

Galea musteloides (Rodentia)

0.4 - 0.5 kg

60°

-

[5]

Cavia porcellus (Rodentia)

0.6 - 1.0 kg

57° *

-

[45]

Saimiri scuireus (Primates)

0.365 - 1.135 kg

55° ± 4°

Qualitative description

[43, 46]

Procavia capensis (Hyracoidea)

1.8 - 5.4 kg

53°

-

[3, 5]

Eulemur fulvus (Primates)

≈ 3.0 kg

51° ± 9°

Qualitative description

[34, 43, 47]

Didelphis virginiana (Didelphidae)

2.0 - 5.5 kg

40°

Qualitative description

[28]

Cercopithecus aethiops (Primates)

2.5 - 6 kg

28° **

-

[24]

Felis catus f. domestica (Carnivora)

3.0 - 8.0 kg

41°

3D movements quantified

[25, 48]

Choloepus didactylus (Xenarthra)

4.0 - 10.0 kg

32° (34° ***)

3D movements quantified (6 DOF)

[16], this study

Ateles geoffroyi/Ateles paniscus (Primates)

7.5 -8.4 kg/7.75 - 9.5 kg

15° ****

Qualitative description

[26]

Canis lupus f. familiaris (Carnivora)

15 - 80 kg

35° ± 4°

-

[7]

Capra hircus (Artiodactyla)

25 - 70 kg

41° ± 7°

-

[7]

Equus przewalski f. caballus (Perissodactyla)

≈ 350 kg

25° ± 5°

-

[7]

Loxodonta africana (Proboscidea)

3500 - 7000 kg

15° ± 5°

-

[7]

  1. *:determined from figure 3 in [45]; **: determined from figure 2 in [24]; ***:when projected into the parasagittal plane as in [16]; ****: during brachiation
  2. Quantification of 3D motion is rare. Please note that the scapular protraction and retraction of the two-toed sloth is very similar to quadrupedal mammals of similar weight. All body masses according to [42].