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Table 5 Mean maximal and minimal 3D displacements of the elbow relative to the 1st thoracic vertebra during normal locomotion and 'virtual experiments' to assess the displacing effect of the motion of the scapula and humerus.

From: Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the pectoral girdle during upside-down locomotion of two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus, Linné 1758)

 

Max

Min

Amplitude

% tfl

I. medio-lateral displacement

    

Normal locomotion (mean)

8,3

5,9

2,5

5.1

Without total humeral motion

8,7

7,0

1,7

3.5

Without total scapular motion

8,9

6,4

2,5

5.1

Without scapular abduction/adduction

8,3

5,9

2,5

5.1

Without scapular long-axis rotation

9,1

6,0

3,1

6.3

Without humeral abduction/adduction

8,7

5,5

3,1

6.3

II. cranio-caudal displacement

    

Normal locomotion (mean)

11,7

-2,8

14,4

29,3

Without total humeral motion

6,0

-3,0

9,0

18.3

Without total scapular motion

7,8

-2,8

10,6

21.5

Without scapular abduction/adduction

11,6

-2,9

14,6

29.7

Without scapular long-axis rotation

11,4

-2,8

14,2

28.9

Without humeral abduction/adduction

12,2

-2,9

15,2

30.1

III. dorso-ventral displacement

    

Normal locomotion (mean)

15,7

5,4

10,3

20.9

Without total humeral motion

15,9

14,5

1,4

2.8

Without total scapular motion

15,6

9,4

6,2

12.6

Without scapular abduction/adduction

15,7

5,3

10,4

21.1

Without scapular long-axis rotation

15,8

5,0

10,9

22.2

Without humeral abduction/adduction

15,2

5,7

9,4

19.1

  1. All values are reported in cm. Amplitude is also expressed relatively in percent of total forelimb length (% tfl; average length in both individuals: 49.2 cm incl. scapula).