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Table 2 List of irregular sea urchin species included in this study.

From: Comparative morphology of the axial complex and interdependence of internal organ systems in sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Order

Family

Species

Method used

Specimen ID

Reference

Holectypoida Duncan, 1889

Echinoneidae Agassiz & Desor, 1847

Echinoneus cyclostomus

Leske, 1778

MRI (86 μm)3, dissection

NHM 1969.5.1.105

[22, 24], this study

"Cassiduloida" Agassiz & Desor, 1847

Cassidulidae

Agassiz & Desor, 1847

Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801

MRI (81 μm)3

CAS 112632

this study

 

Echinolampadidae Gray, 1851

Echinolampas depressa

Gray, 1851

MRI (81 μm)3

USNM E32955

[24], this study

 

Apatopygidae

Kier, 1962

Apatopygus recens (Mortensen, 1948)

Dissection

-

[23]

Clypeasteroida Agassiz, 1835

Clypeasteridae Agassiz, 1835

Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)

MRI (81 μm)3

ZMB 2520

this study

 

Arachnoididae Duncan, 1889

Arachnoides placenta (Linnaeus, 1758)

MRI (81 μm)3

ZMB 1439

this study

 

Fibulariidae

Duncan, 1889

Echinocyamus pusillus

(Müller, 1776)

MRI 20 × 18 × 18 μm3, histology

-

[24, 66], this study

 

Laganidae

Agassiz, 1873

Peronella lesueuri Agassiz, 1841

Dissection

MNHN EcEh79

this study

  

Peronella orbicularis

Leske, 1778

Dissection

-

[66]

 

Echinarachniidae Lambert, 1914

Echinarachnius parma

(Lamarck, 1816)

MRI (44 μm)3, dissection

ZSM 20011676

[34], Mooi (unpublished data), this study

 

Mellitidae Stephanini, 1914

Mellita quinquesperforata (Leske, 1778)

Dissection

-

this study

 

Astriclypeidae Stephanini, 1911

Echinodiscus bisperforatus Leske, 1778

Histology

-

[66]

Holasteroida Durham & Melville, 1957

Urechinidae

Duncan, 1889

Antrechinus nordenskjöldi (Mortensen, 1905)

Dissection

ZMH E7350

this study

  

Urechinus naresianus Agassiz, 1879

Dissection

NHM 1903.8.1.100-104

[21], this study

 

Pourtalesiidae Agassiz, 1881

Echinosigra phiale Mortensen, 1905

Dissection

-

[21]

  

Pourtalesia hispida

Agassiz, 1879

Dissection

ZMH E7349

this study

  

Pourtalesia jeffreysi

Wyville Thomson, 1873

Dissection

-

[21]

  

Pourtalesia wandeli Mortensen, 1905

MRI (86 μm)3, dissection

NHM 1976.7.30.76-95

[21], this study

 

Plexechinidae

Mooi & David, 1996

Plexechinus aoetanus (McKnight, 1974)

Dissection

ZMH E7345

this study

Spatangoida Agassiz, 1840

Hemiasteridae

Clark, 1917

("Hemiasterina")

Hemiaster expergitus

(Loven, 1874)

Dissection

NHM 1914.1.30.66-9

this study

 

Schizasteridae Lambert, 1905

("Paleopneustina")

Abatus cavernosus (Philippi, 1845)

MRI (81 μm)3

ZMB 5854

[24], this study

  

Schizaster canaliferus (Lamarck, 1816)

Dissection, SEM, histology

-

[15, 20]

 

Incerta sedis

(Micrasterina)

Heterobrissus niasicus (Döderlein, 1901)

Dissection, histology

-

[18]

 

Spatangidae

Gray, 1825

(Micrasterina)

Spatangus purpureus

Müller, 1776

Dissection, histology

-

[14–17], this study

 

Brissidae

Gray, 1855

(Micrasterina)

Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778)

Dissection, histology

-

[15, 16]

  

Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816)

Dissection

-

[8, 67]

 

Brissopsidae Lambert, 1905

(Micrasterina)

Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841)

Dissection

-

[15], this study

 

Echinocardiidae Wythe Cooke, 1942

(Micrasterina)

Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777)

Dissection, histology, ultrastructure

-

[19], this study

  

Echinocardium flavescens

(Müller, 1776)

Dissection

-

[15]

  

Echinocardium mediterraneum (Forbes, 1844)

Dissection, histology

-

[16]

  1. The table provides information on every species studied so far with regard to the axial complex, the method(s) used to infer axial complex anatomy, the specimen ID of museum specimens where applicable, and the respective references. Numbers in brackets behind "MRI" represent the resolution of the dataset. An overview of scanning parameters is provided by [24].