From: Single locus complementary sex determination in Hymenoptera: an "unintelligent" design?
Form of thelytoky | Genetic effect | Part of genome affected | Example | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Premeiotic doubling | Fixed heterozygosity | All loci identical to mother | Strongylogaster maculata Neoreterus baccarum Oecophylla longinoda Wasmannia auropunctata | [177] [178,179] [180] [176] |
Second division non-sister fusion | Increase in homozygosity at rate r1 | Distal of crossing-overs | Venturia canescens Apis mellifera capensis Cataglyphis cursor | [181,182] [101,183,184] [103] |
Second division sister fusion | Increase in homozygosity at rate 1–2r | Proximal of crossing-overs | Diprion polytonum Pristiphora rufipes Aphytis mytilaspides | [24] [185] [186] |
Gamete duplication | Complete homozygosity | All loci | Trichogramma spp. Muscidifurax uniraptor Diplolepis rosae Diplolepis spinosissimae Leptopilina clavipes | [89] [96] [99] [98] [97] |