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Table 4 Forms of thelytoky and their genetic effects.

From: Single locus complementary sex determination in Hymenoptera: an "unintelligent" design?

Form of thelytoky

Genetic effect

Part of genome affected

Example

Reference

Premeiotic doubling

Fixed heterozygosity

All loci identical to mother

Strongylogaster maculata

Neoreterus baccarum

Oecophylla longinoda

Wasmannia auropunctata

[177]

[178,179]

[180]

[176]

Second division non-sister fusion

Increase in homozygosity at rate r1

Distal of crossing-overs

Venturia canescens

Apis mellifera capensis

Cataglyphis cursor

[181,182]

[101,183,184]

[103]

Second division sister fusion

Increase in homozygosity at rate 1–2r

Proximal of crossing-overs

Diprion polytonum

Pristiphora rufipes

Aphytis mytilaspides

[24]

[185]

[186]

Gamete duplication

Complete homozygosity

All loci

Trichogramma spp.

Muscidifurax uniraptor

Diplolepis rosae

Diplolepis spinosissimae

Leptopilina clavipes

[89]

[96]

[99]

[98]

[97]

  1. 1 r = recombination rate, or map distance between a locus and its centromere [102].