Figure 2

The contribution of genetic and environmental factors in shaping behavioural syndromes. A hierarchical diagram illustrating how raw behavioural correlations can be decomposed into within-individual and among-individual correlations. The among-individual correlation (behavioural syndrome) is the correlation between each individual's average phenotype across multiple behaviours. The within-individual correlation, in contrast, is the correlation between changes in multiple behaviours expressed within the same individual. Among-individual correlations are themselves affected by genetic effects (via pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium) and environmental effects [40].