Table 1 Characteristics of mammalian tax a with pronounced female masculinization in multiple traits.
Taxonomic scope | Group size | Body mass (g) | Sexual size dimorphism | Canine sexual size dimorphism | Genital masculinization | Average ASR | Female intersexual dominance | Female evictions | Singular breeding | Female bonding | Male tolerance | Modal mating system | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group-living lemurs | 22 species 2 families (+ 17 subfossil) | 3 - 25 | 1550 - 6750 | 0.98 (0.8-1.19) | 1.06 (0.88-1.19) | moderate | 0.97 | widespread | common in Lemuridae | no | weak | present | Polygyny Polygynandry |
Callitrichinae | @ 40 species | 3 - 12 | 110 - 620 | 1.07 (0.90-1.52) | 1.01(0.98-1.05) | none | 1.29 | absent | no;bisexual dispersal | variable | weak | high | Monogamy Polyandry |
Galea musteloides | 1 species | Not known | – | 0.85 – 0.92 | none | none | “male-biased” | females dominate low-ranking males | no | no | present (allonursing) | present | Polygynandry |
Heterocephalus glaber | 1 species | 75 | 30 - 80 | – | none | none | – | Queen: yes | no | yes | absent | present | Polyandry |
Crocuta crocuta | 1 species | 29 | 59000 | 0.88 | massive | 0.55 | yes | no | no | yes | present | Polygynandry | |
Procavia capensis | 1 species | 14 | 2300 | 1.13 | None | no | 0.28 – 0.13 | weak | no | no | weak | low | Polygyny Polygynandry |