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Table 2 Post hoc comparison and effect size statistics of original trials (head-bobbing; HB), simulated trials without head-bobbing (no HB), and simulated trials in which the timing of head-bobbing was inversed (inv. HB)

From: On vision in birds: coordination of head-bobbing and gait stabilises vertical head position in quail

 

Mean difference

95% CI of mean difference

Significance (Dunnett’s t)

Effect size (Cohen’s d)

Vertical displacement of the head

Vaulting

    

No HB vs. HB

–0.9214 cm

± 0.3319

0.842

0.22

Inv. HB vs. HB

0.3787 cm

± 0.3319

0.021*

0.82

CoM vs. HB

–0.2762 cm

± 0.3320

0.123

0.69

Bouncing

    

No HB vs. HB

0.3389 cm

± 0.3131

0.03*

0.91

Inv. HB vs. HB

1.3145 cm

± 0.3131

< 0.001***

1.95

CoM vs. HB

0.5885 cm

± 0.3132

0.944

0.20

Amplitude of E p fluctuation

Vaulting

    

No HB vs. HB

0.3639 mJ

± 3.7318

0.964

0.08

Inv. HB vs. HB

0.8127 mJ

± 3.7319

0.837

0.18

Bouncing

    

No HB vs. HB

0.9257 mJ

± 2.1613

0.530

0.24

Inv. HB vs. HB

2.8846 mJ

± 2.1614

0.096

0.48

Amplitude of E k fluctuation

   

Vaulting

    

No HB vs. HB

–1.9423 mJ

± 4.3011

0.486

0.35

Inv. HB vs. HB

–3.4037 mJ

± 4.3012

0.137

0.67

Bouncing

    

No HB vs. HB

–2.2789 mJ

± 2.9916

0.159

0.38

Inv. HB vs. HB

–2.0391 mJ

± 2.9915

0.223

0.36

  1. *: significant at the p = 0.05 level; ***: significant at the p = 0.001 level.