Medaka fish exhibits longevity gender gap, a natural drop in estrogen and telomere shortening during aging: a unique model for studying sex-dependent longevity

Table 1 The existence of longevity gender gap (females living longer than males) in different animal taxa

	Taxa		References
Vertebrates	Mammals	Human	[2, 3, 15–17]
		Chimpanzees	[18, 19]
		Gorillas, Orangutans, gibbons, spider monkeys and sifakas	[18, 20]
		Rat	[15–17, 21]
		Soay sheep, pilot whales and killer whales	[22, 23]
	Reptiles	Lizard	[24–26]
	Amphibians	Frogs and newts	[27–30]
	Fishes	Spiny dogfish; mosquitofish and scaldfish	[31–33]
Invertebrates	Arthropods and annelids	Fruit flies, medflies, butterflies, mosquitoes, seed beetles, ants, bees, tarantulas, tea red spiders, copepods and the giant kidney-worms in the maned wolf	[34–44]

Footnote: An alternative form of longevity gender gap, i.e. males living longer than females, is also exhibited in a few animal taxa, especially the Aves [45].

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