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Table 1 Species-specific predictions (left) and support (right) for different diversification hypotheses modified after Vences et al.[16] for the genus Eulemur

From: Phylogeographic analysis of the true lemurs (genus Eulemur) underlines the role of river catchments for the evolution of micro-endemism in Madagascar

Species

Eco-geographic constraints

Support

Western refugia

Support

Riverine barrier

Support

Centers of endemism (river catchments)

Support

General

Youngest sister lineage is generalists and occurs in different eco-geographic zones; Older sister linages are more specialized; East (humid)-west (dry) phylo-geographic pattern; lineages correspond to eco-geographic regions

Partly

No gene flow from west to east

No

Sister lineages occur on either side of a river, low gene flow between sister lineages

Partly

Lineages occurring in retreat dispersal watersheds (RDW) are sister lineages to lineages occurring in neighboring RDW; glacial cycles during the Pleistocene (< 2.8 mya) allowed gene flow among RDW; sister lineages occur in neighboring river catchments when their headwaters are at low elevations

Yes

Eulemur albifrons

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

No

-

-

Sister lineage to E. sanfordi (Bemarivo), but low gene flow

Partly

Sister lineage to sanfordi (fulvus) + recent divergence + gene flow to albifrons and fulvus via retreat dispersal watersheds

Yes

Eulemur cinereiceps

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

No

-

-

Sister lineage to E. collaris (Mananara)

Yes

Sister lineage to collaris + recent divergence

Yes

Eulemur collaris

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

No

-

-

Sister lineage to E. cinereiceps (Mananara)

Yes

Sister lineage to cinereiceps + recent divergence

Yes

Eulemur fulvus

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

No

No gene flow from west to east

Probably no (few data)

Sister lineage to E. rufifrons (Manangoro), E. rufus (Betsiboka), E. albifrons (Mananara), but low gene flow

Partly

Gene flow between east and west

Probably (not tested)

Eulemur rufifrons

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

No

No gene flow from west to east

No

Sister lineage to E. rufus (Tsiribihina), but low gene flow

Partly

Gene flow between east and west

Yes

Eulemur rufus

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

Yes

No gene flow from E. rufus to E. rufifrons

No

Sister lineage to E. rufifrons (Tsiribihina) or fulvus (Betsiboka), but low gene flow

Partly

Sister linage to rufifrons or fulvus + recent divergence + gene flow to fulvus and/or rufus

Yes

Eulemur sanfordi

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

Yes

-

-

Sister lineage to E. albifrons (Bemarivo) or fulvus (Mahavavy du Nord), but low gene flow

Partly

Sister lineage to albifrons (fulvus) + recent divergence + gene flow to albifrons via retreat dispersal watersheds

Yes

Eulemur rubriventer

Sister lineage to fulvus group

Yes

-

-

-

-

-

-

Eulemur macaco

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

No

-

-

Sister lineage to E. flavifrons (Maeverano)

Yes

Sister lineage to E. flavifrons + recent divergence

Yes

Eulemur flavifrons

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

No

-

-

Sister lineage to E. macaco (Maeverano)

Yes

Sister lineage to E. macaco + recent divergence

Yes

Eulemur coronatus

Lineage distribution corresponds to eco-geographic regions; east- west division

Yes

-

-

Sister species to E. macaco + E. flavifrons (Mahavavy du nord)

yes

Sister lineage to macaco/flavifrons + recent divergence

Yes

  1. The western refugia hypothesis allowed only to formulate predictions for some of the species. RDW: Retreat dispersal watershed (after Wilmé et al. [15]).