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Table 1 Relationships between sleep-wakefulness, age, and PCSK2 expression

From: Linking melanism to brain development: expression of a melanism-related gene in barn owl feather follicles covaries with sleep ontogeny

 

Wakefulness

Non-REM sleep

REM sleep

Percent

Bout Duration

Percent

Bout Duration

Percent

Bout Duration

Latency

Age (sleep)

F1,48.96 = 0.02

F 1,58.75 = 10.69

F1,43.15 = 2.48

F 1,52.88 = 11.83

F 1,55.09 = 5.87

F1,46.09 = 0.001

F 1,61.52 = 19.46

p = 0.89

p = 0.002

p = 0.12

p = 0.001

p = 0.019

p = 0.97

p < 0.0001

Age ( PCSK2 )

F1,54.71 = 0.05

F1,52.38 = 0.05

F1,53.97 = 0.005

F1,52.13 = 0.003

F 1,52.28 = 0.39

F1,56.95 = 0.40

F1,51.86 = 0.002

p = 0.83

p = 0.82

p = 0.95

p = 0.96

p = 0.53

p = 0.53

p = 0.97

PCSK2

F1,57.86 = 0.47

F1,56.71 = 1.19

F 1,58.22 = 5.14

F1,57.95 = 3.66

F 1,57.36 = 6.39

F 1,58.91 = 8.49

F1,57.92 = 2.67

p = 0.49

p = 0.28

p = 0.027

p = 0.06

p = 0.014

p = 0.005

p = 0.11

Sex

F1,52.46 = 0.0001

F1,52.96 = 0.03

F1,49.1 = 0.002

F1,53.64 = 0.02

F1,53.00 = 0.10

F1,54.10 = 0.21

F1,54.83 = 0.26

p = 0.99

p = 0.88

p = 0.97

p = 0.88

p = 0.75

p = 0.65

p = 0.61

Date

F1,30.2 = 2.49

F1,26.43 = 1.25

F1,25.28 = 1.97

F1,23.86 = 0.03

F1,25.72 = 1.52

F1,29.38 = 2.09

F1,22.89 = 0.06

p = 0.13

p = 0.27

p = 0.17

p = 0.87

p = 0.23

p = 0.16

p = 0.81

Temperature (mean)

F1,33.29 = 0.27

F1,33.49 = 0.12

F1,30.78 = 0.14

F1,32.94 = 0.50

F1,36.84 = 2.16

F1,30.47 = 0.003

F1,32.81 = 0.81

p = 0.60

p = 0.73

p = 0.71

p = 0.49

p = 0.15

p = 0.96

p = 0.37

Nest (% variance)

15.7

14.5

1.1

14.4

22.3

8.5

22.3

  1. Linear mixed models for the relationships between the percentage of time spent in and mean bout duration of each state, and expression of PCSK2 in feather follicles. For REM sleep, the mean latency from sleep onset is also shown. Nest of rearing was set as a random variable. The variables “Age (sleep)” and “Age (PCSK2)” are the ages when we measured nestling sleep and PCSK2 expression, respectively. Significant results of final models are highlighted in bold. The other variables were backward removed starting with the least significant ones. Also shown is the percentage of variance explained by the random factor nest of rearing. This value indicates the extent to which sleep variables of different nest-mates are similar. Mean temperature did not correlate with any sleep variable (see also Additional file 1: Figure S3).