Food load manipulation ability shapes flight morphology in females of central-place foraging Hymenoptera

Table 2 PGLS models testing the effect of food load manipulation ability (0 = UtM; 1 = AtM) on flight muscle ratio (FMR) and (log₁₀-transformed) wing-loading (WL), while controlling for wet body mass (log₁₀-transformed)

Model	Estimate (s.e.)	t	P	λ
FMR (n = 27 species)
Food load manipulation ability	-0.059 (0.016)	-3.71	0.001	0.01
Body mass	0.013 (0.021)	0.64	0.53
WL (n = 24 species)
Food load manipulation ability	0.148 (0.059)	2.49	0.021	0.70
Body mass	0.278 (0.053)	5.25	< 0.001

The maximum likelihood estimate value of λ, assessing the degree of phylogenetic dependence among the tested variables (see Materials and methods), is shown for each model.

ISSN: 1742-9994