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Figure 2 | Frontiers in Zoology

Figure 2

From: Dynamics of symbiont-mediated antibiotic production reveal efficient long-term protection for beewolf offspring

Figure 2

Dynamics of antibiotic production on beewolf cocoons. a) Total amount [μg/cocoon] of antibiotic substances on beewolf cocoons at different time points after cocoon spinning quantified using GC-MS. Different letters above the boxes represent significant differences (ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests: df=7, p<0.001), b) Average relative amounts of the three most abundant antibiotic substances on beewolf cocoons (in %) at different time points after cocoon spinning quantified by GC-MS. A discriminant analysis based on the composition of the antibiotic cocktail correctly classified 20–72.2% of the originally grouped cases (40.1% on average, Wilks’ Lambda: 0.432, Chi2: 126.4, df=21, p<0.001, see Additional file1: Figure S1), c) Absolute number of putative piericidin transcripts (pks1) on beewolf cocoons at different time points after cocoon spinning, obtained from RT-qPCR assays (on log scale). Different letters above the boxes represent significant differences (ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests: df=7, p<0.001). The different groups refer to days after cocoon spinning; emergence: eclosion of adult beewolf from the cocoon (about four weeks after cocoon spinning), hibernation: eclosion after diapause (about 8 months after cocoon spinning). Bold lines represent medians, boxes comprise the interquartile range, bars indicate minimum and maximum value, outliers are given as dots; the grey bar indicates the level of unspecific amplification as obtained from the qPCR negative control.

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