From: The structure of biodiversity – insights from molecular phylogeography
Species Range | Phylogenetic Divergence (Myr) | Likely Refugia (fossil evidence *) | Genetic signals of range changes | Authors & Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Larus argentatus spp Herring gull complex CA HA (+EurAsia Lakes) | 9 clades <0.5% (0.1–0.3) | Atlantic Aralo-Caspian | Allopatric fragmentation Bimodal mismatch Recent expansions Hybridizations | Liebers et al [96] |
Rangifer tarandus tundra reindeer CA HA | 7 clades 1–2% (0.1–0.3) | Beringia-Asia * W EurAsia* N America | 150 kyr expand 15 kyr expand Ragged mismatch | Gravlund et al [97] Flagstad & Roed [98] |
Lemmus ssp true lemmings HA PA NA | 4 clades 3.8–7.9% (0.5–1.0) | Beringia E Asia Siberia* N America* | Expand Few haplotypes Few haplotypes Expand | Fedorov et al [99] |
Dichrostonyx ssp collared lemmings HA PA NA GL | 6 clades 1–7% (0.1–1.0) | Beringia* Arctic Islands E Asia C&W Siberia* | Not to east Expand Low diversity Low diversity | Fedorov & Stenseth [100] |
Microtus oeconomus root/tundra vole HA PA BE | 4 clades 2.0–3.5% (0.2–0.6) | Beringia S Urals* Caucasus C Europe* | Not far Few haplotypes N expansion N expansion | Brunhoff et al [101] |
Microtus agrestis field vole not HA, PA | 3 clades 0.5–5.2% (0.1–0.6) | S Urals* Carpathians* Iberia | Across Asia N&W expansion Not far | Jaarola & Searle [102] |
Lagopus mutus rock ptarmigan CA HA | 7 clades 0.21–1.12% (0.05–0.1) | Multiple, eg Greenland – Beringia/Aleuts Siberia | Several recent Expansions Only 4% diversity within lineages | Holder et al [103, 104] |
Calidris alpina Dunlin (migrant) CA | 5 clades 1.1–3.3% (0.1–0.3) | W Africa Arabia SE Asia C America | W EurAsia Siberia Beringia Canada | Wennerberg [105] Wenink et al [106] |
Daphnia pulex Waterflea (clonal) CA HA | 7 clades 0.5–3% (0.2–1.5) | Periglacial Some more local clones | Mixing, but some N Amer/Eurasian difference | Weider et al [107] |
Troglodytes troglodytes Winter wren NT not HA EurAsia BE N Amer | 6 clades 3.0–8.9% (0.5–1.6) | NW Amer NE Amer NE Asia C Asia, S Europe | Series of glacial vicariances Recent expansions | Drovetski et al [38] |
Cleithrionomys rutilus/glareolus/gapperi red-backed voles HA PA NA BE | 12 clades 1–10% (0.1–1.8) | C Europe* E Asia* Beringia N Amer* | Several colonizations of N Amer across Beringia from Asia | Cook et al [37] |