Fig. 3

Phylogenetic analysis of sperm evolution using the R package l1ou. Included are 64 species assigned to the reciprocal mating syndrome. Sperm length, sperm ratio, and bristle length (all in µm)were included in the model, while anterior sperm length is only visualized but not included in the model. Shifts in Ornstein-Uhlenbeck optima are shown with color changes. Numbers indicate how often the shift was recovered out of 100 non-parametric bootstraps. Species names are abbreviated (See Additional file 1: Table S1), and the newly described species are highlighted in bold. Barplots show the standardized trait values. The numbers below indicate the unstandardized trait range. See Additional file 1: Table S1–S4, for the trait data and details on the inferred shifts